1. The beginning of the Cell Regents Biology Mr. Fox Kingston High School

2. Cells The cell is the smallest form of life. – Carries out all the life processes – Nothing smaller is considered to be alive

3. Living Characteristics Homeostasis: Regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state; for example, sweating to reduce temperature. Organization: Being composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life. Metabolism: Consumption of energy by converting nonliving material into cellular components and digesting food. Living things require energy to maintain internal organization and to produce other materials needed for life. Growth: An organism increases in size in all of its parts.

4. Living Characteristics Adaptation: The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment. Response to stimuli: A response is often expressed by motion, for example, the leaves of a plant turning toward the sun or an animal chasing its prey. Reproduction: The ability to produce new organisms. Reproduction can be the division of one cell to form two new cells.

6. Robert Hooke

7. English scientist and engineer Created a compound light microscope Looked at cork cells in 1663 Discovered and called it a cell Fierce rival to Sir Isaac Newton… according to Newton. ( also know as “Why Newton is a Jerk”)

8. Anton von Leeuwenhoek

9. Dutch businessmen Used a simple microscope to look at pond water in 1683 First to see living cells and bacteria in the water. (and freaked OUT!)

10. The Cell Theory 200 YEARS AFTER Hooke and Leeuwenhoek Scientists started to question what makes all living things up

11. Matthias Schleiden German Scientist 1838 Worked with plants Said: “ALL PLANTS are made of cells”

12. Theodore Schwann German Scientist 1 year After Schleiden 1839 Worked with animals Said: “ALL Animals are made of CELLS!”

13. Rudolf Virchow German Scientist 1855 Thought people were silly for believing in spontaneous generation. Along with Redi, who tested this first in 1668 Spontaneous generation – life coming into being from things that were once living but are no more. Proved spontaneous generation WRONG! (By stealing someone else’s work, Robert Remac) Said: “ALL Cells come from preexisting cells!” All cells come from living cells.

14. The Cell Theory Scientists had to think of how to make it easier to explain their new cell theory.

15. The Cell Theory 1. All cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things 2. All living things are made of cells 3. All cells come from other living cells

16. Studying Cells In biology we study cells by using a microscope. Microscope – a device designed to magnify small things many times larger!

17. Microscope

18. Parts of the Microscope Ocular Lens – (eyepiece) allows you to see into the microscope, it also magnifies a small amount. Body tube – the part you look through. Arm – connects the body tube to the base of the microscope. Base – the bottom of the microscope.

19. Parts of the Microscope 2 Stage – place where you put your slide. Stage Clips – keep the slide secure in place. Light Source – where the light comes from under the stage. Diaphragm – controls the amount of light going through the stage.

20. Parts of a Microscope 3 Revolving nose piece – controls what objective lens you are looking through. Objective Lens – lens that greatly magnifies what you are looking at. Can come in many different powers on a microscope. Coarse adjustment Knob – adjusts the focus of the microscope. Fine Adjustment Knob – fine tunes the focus to make things clearer.

21. Microscope Rules Carry the microscope with one hand under the base and the other on the arm close into your body. Never use the coarse adjustment knob when using high power When putting the microscope away, make sure its on the low power objective lens and the stage is put all the way down or the body tube all the way up!

22. Total Magnification Microscopes have 2 lens that magnify images. Ocular Lens x Objective lens = total magnification eyepiece = 5x Objective lens = 25x 5 x 25 = 125x total magnification

23. Other Microscopes Transmission electron microscope – magnifies up to 500,000 times!(dead things only) Scanning electron microscope – magnifies up to 150,000 times! Scanning Tunneling Microscope – magnifies up to 1,000,000!!!!!!!!!

24. Pictures