1. Sample AP Question on Approaches/Subfields Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which of the following psychological disciplines? a.Human factors psychology b.Industrial-organizational psychology c.Community psychology d.Counseling psychology e.Experimental psychology

2. Sample AP Question on Approaches/Subfields Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior? a.Behaviorist b.Cognitive c.Existentialist d.Psychodynamic e.Structuralist

3. Quick Pre-Assessment For these questions, refer to the situation described below: In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. Taken from the 1994 released AP exam 1.The control group in the experiment is the group that a.The researchers thought would be most aggressive b.Performed the larger number of aggressive acts c.Performed the smaller number of aggressive acts d.Watched the violent cartoon e.Watched the nonviolent cartoon

4. Quick Pre-Assessment For these questions, refer to the situation described below: In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. Taken from the 1994 released AP exam 2. The dependent variable in the experiment is the a.Amount of aggressive behavior exhibited by the children b.Amount of time that each child spent interacting with the other children c.Group in which each child was originally placed d.Violent cartoon e.Nonviolent cartoon

5. Research Methods Importance of Scientific thought: –because human intuition is limited –HINDSIGHT BIAS: “I knew it all along.” –OVERCONFIDENCE EFFECT: often times, humans tend to be more confident than they are right/correct – FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT: we tend to believe others agree with us more than they actually do

6. The Gentleman Bandit: Hindsight Bias and Overconfidence in the Court of Law

7. Hindsight Bias It is normal, pervasive, and surprisingly strong in humans Deeply impacts validity “eyewitness accounts” –Wells and Bradfield study Line-ups and identifying the suspect Rape scenario readings

8. Overconfidence Reason why people tend to be overconfident – they can’t imagine that they would have any reason to be wrong (process of elimination) –Failure to seek disconfirming evidence

9. Word Jumble: Human Skeleton 1.) AMEGLNSTI 2.) TIRGLAECA

10. Try this out! Task: write down the schools of thought for the three following theorists from last week –William James –John B. Watson –G Stanley Hall Now rate your confidence that the information you just provided is correct Now write three reasons why your answers might be wrong and three reasons why they may be right

11. Scientific thought: Because human intuition is TOO limited Illusory Correlation: seeing relationships that don’t really exist Example 1: Sugar makes children hyperactive Example 2: Myth of the hot hand –Belief that a professional basketball player is more likely to make a shot after they have just made a basket rather than after they have just missed one Larry Bird in his prime made 88% of his free throws after a “make” and 91% after a “miss” –Misinterpretation of random sequences Stats – if a 50% shooter makes 20 shots, there is a 50% chance that there will be a sequence of 4 baskets in a row and about a 20% chance of 6 in a row

12. Scientific thought: Because human intuition is TOO limited Confirmation Bias/belief perseverance: We notice examples that support our beliefs. – It takes overwhelming evidence to overcome preexisting beliefs. – We’ll ignore rational arguments which contradict us

13. Scientific thought: Because human intuition is TOO limited Theories: scientists rely on theories to form predictions or hypothesis –Your hypothesis should be in the form of a prediction about observable behavior with specific terms (operational definitions) so studies can be replicated by others

14. Meter Stick Experiment