2. Modern Language Association of America Founded in 1883 Founded in 1883 Over 30,000 scholars in 100 countries Over 30,000 scholars in 100 countries 300 members serve on the Executive Committee 300 members serve on the Executive Committee They publish guidelines for preparing scholarly manuscripts and research papers They publish guidelines for preparing scholarly manuscripts and research papers www.mla.org www.mla.org www.mla.org

3. MLA vs. APA MLA Style MLA Style Used in the Humanities Used in the Humanities –English –History –Art –Philosophy Includes a Works Cited page Includes a Works Cited page APA Style APA Style Used in the Social Sciences Used in the Social Sciences –Psychology –Sociology –Political Science –Economics Includes a References page Includes a References page

4. Why Use MLA? Build your credibility Build your credibility Demonstrate accountability to your source material Demonstrate accountability to your source material Protect yourself from accusations of plagiarism Protect yourself from accusations of plagiarism

5. Before MLA...

6. After MLA...

7. Using MLA style is easy!

8. Guidelines for Formatting PAGE ONE of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested. Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested. In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Use double-spaced text. In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Use double-spaced text.

9. Guidelines for Formatting PAGE ONE of Your Paper Double space again and center the title. Don't underline your title or put it in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case, not in all capital letters. Double space again and center the title. Don't underline your title or put it in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case, not in all capital letters. Double space between the title and the first line of the text. Double space between the title and the first line of the text.

10. Sample Page One Smith 1 Elliott Smith Dr. Karen Rose English 3 January 27, 2010 Essay Title Text of essay text of essay text of essay text of essay text of text of essay text of essay text of essay text of essay text of essay text of essay text of essay text of essay text of essay text of essay text of

11. Guidelines for Formatting Your Paper Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. Set the margins of your document to one inch on all sides. Set the margins of your document to one inch on all sides. Indent the first line of a paragraph one half-inch (five spaces or press tab once) from the left margin. Indent the first line of a paragraph one half-inch (five spaces or press tab once) from the left margin. Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font like Times New Roman or Arial. Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font like Times New Roman or Arial.

12. Guidelines for Formatting Your Paper Long Quotations Place quotations longer than four-typed lines in a free-standing block of text. Place quotations longer than four-typed lines in a free-standing block of text. Omit quotation marks. Omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

13. Two Components that Work Together In-text Citations In-text Citations Works Cited Page Works Cited Page

14. In-text Citations WHERE: Within the text of your paper WHERE: Within the text of your paper WHAT: Source information placed in parenthesis WHAT: Source information placed in parenthesis –Just enough info for your reader to find the source on your list of Works Cited –Usually just the author’s name and the page number WHY: To signal that the material has been quoted, summarized, or paraphrased from a specific source WHY: To signal that the material has been quoted, summarized, or paraphrased from a specific source HOW: Follow the conventions for the type of source you are using HOW: Follow the conventions for the type of source you are using

15. In-text Citations When you have not already named the author in your sentence, provide the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses. When you have not already named the author in your sentence, provide the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses. Ex: “Santa Cruz bookseller is selling a clock that counts down the minutes until President Bush leaves office” (Glionna 3). Ex: “Santa Cruz bookseller is selling a clock that counts down the minutes until President Bush leaves office” (Glionna 3).

16. In-text Citations If the author’s name is already given in your text, you need not repeat it in the parenthetical citation. The citation just gives the page number. If the author’s name is already given in your text, you need not repeat it in the parenthetical citation. The citation just gives the page number. Ex: According to John Glionna, “People were depressed after Bush was reelected and needed a reason to laugh again” (13). Ex: According to John Glionna, “People were depressed after Bush was reelected and needed a reason to laugh again” (13).

17. In-text Citations Frequently Asked Questions What do I do when a source has no named author? What do I do when a source has no named author? Use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work, or italicize or underline it if it's a longer work. Use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work, or italicize or underline it if it's a longer work. –Ex: “Marijuana is the nation’s most commonly used illicit drug” (Drug Addiction, par. 1).

18. In-text Citations Frequently Asked Questions Where does the punctuation belong? Where does the punctuation belong? If the quote ends with a period, place it after the parentheses. If the quote ends with a period, place it after the parentheses. –Ex: “Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope” (Fitzgerald 2).

19. In-text Citations Frequently Asked Questions Where does the punctuation belong? Where does the punctuation belong? If the quotation ends with a question mark or exclamation point, put the ? or ! after the parenthetical citation. If the quotation ends with a question mark or exclamation point, put the ? or ! inside of the quotation marks. Place a sentence-ending period after the parenthetical citation. –Ex: Sigmund Freud posed the question, “What do women want?” (78).

20. Works Cited Page WHERE: A new page at the very end of your paper, numbered in sequence with the preceding pages WHERE: A new page at the very end of your paper, numbered in sequence with the preceding pages WHAT: Complete bibliographic information about each source that you mention in your paper WHAT: Complete bibliographic information about each source that you mention in your paper WHY: To enable your reader to find the information needed to find the source WHY: To enable your reader to find the information needed to find the source HOW: Arrange your sources in alphabetical order by the last name of the author. If the source has no author, alphabetize it by the first main word of the title (excluding A, An, or The) HOW: Arrange your sources in alphabetical order by the last name of the author. If the source has no author, alphabetize it by the first main word of the title (excluding A, An, or The)

21. Works Cited Page Follow the specific MLA format for the types of sources you use. Follow the specific MLA format for the types of sources you use.

22. Works Cited Page General format for books: General format for books: –Author. Title. City of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. General format for newspaper/magazine article: General format for newspaper/magazine article: –Author. “Article Title.” Magazine/Newspaper Title, Month Year: Page numbers.

23. Works Cited Page General format for web sources: General format for web sources: –Author of page (if available). “Title of page.” Title of overall site (if available – often found on home page). Date of last update of web site, if available. Date you accessed the site..

24. Sample Works Cited Page Smith 11 Works Cited Drug Addiction. 4 Aug. 2010.. Freud, Sigmund. Totem and Taboo. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1950. Glionna, John M. “He Has a Sense of Timing with Bush.” Los Angeles Times. 29 Jan. 2007: B3. Thomas, Jessie. “Is Your Job Going Abroad?” Newsweek 19 Aug. 2009: 28-32.

25. Guidelines for Quotations

26. Adding Words in Quotations If you add (or change) a word in a quotation, put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text. If you add (or change) a word in a quotation, put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text. –Jan Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

27. Omitting Words in Quotations If you omit a word or words from a quotation, indicate the deleted word or word by using ellipsis marks, which are three periods (...) preceded and followed by a space. If you omit a word or words from a quotation, indicate the deleted word or word by using ellipsis marks, which are three periods (...) preceded and followed by a space. –In an essay on urban legends, Jan Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale... and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).

28. Quotations within Quotations Use double and single quotation marks to indicate quotations within quotations. Use double and single quotation marks to indicate quotations within quotations. –According to Jack White, career counselor at Long Beach City College, “Socrates taught us ‘Know thyself.’ This is a good thing to keep in mind when selecting a career path” (15).

29. Integrating Quotations Avoid creating a “scotch tape special.” Don’t pad your text with long quoted passages. Avoid creating a “scotch tape special.” Don’t pad your text with long quoted passages.

30. Integrating Quotations Strive to incorporate sources gracefully into your own prose. Strive to incorporate sources gracefully into your own prose.

31. Summarizing Involves putting a source’s main idea(s) into your own words. Involves putting a source’s main idea(s) into your own words. It is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. It is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and present a broad overview of the source material. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and present a broad overview of the source material.

32. Paraphrasing Involves putting a short passage from source material into your own words. Involves putting a short passage from source material into your own words. Writers often paraphrase when they want to use specific information from a brief passage in the source and don’t want to interrupt the flow of their own voice. Writers often paraphrase when they want to use specific information from a brief passage in the source and don’t want to interrupt the flow of their own voice. A paraphrase must be attributed to the original source. A paraphrase must be attributed to the original source.

33. Quoting Quotes must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. Quotes must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

34. Use Attributive Tags Use attributive tags to signal to reader which ideas are your own and which ideas are taken from another source. Use attributive tags to signal to reader which ideas are your own and which ideas are taken from another source. –According to the American Council on Science and Health... –Dr. James Goodwin claims that... –As linguist Noam Chomsky has suggested...

35. Use Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response If you want your reader to respect the expertise of a source: If you want your reader to respect the expertise of a source: –According to noted chemist, Marie Jones... If you want your reader’s to discount a source’s view: If you want your reader’s to discount a source’s view: –According to Marie Jones, an industrial chemist on the payroll of a major corporate polluter...

36. The End