1. Benchmarking Urban Air Quality Management in Asian Cities
Cornie Huizenga, May Ajero and Herbert Fabian, CAI-Asia Secretariat Gary Haq, and Dieter Schwela, Stockholm Environment Institute
Lahore Clean Air Workshop
13-15 December 2004
Lahore, Pakistan

2. Overview of Presentation
CAI-Asia
Air Quality Management Context in Asia
Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in Asia
Benchmarking of Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia

3. Part 1
CAI-Asia

4. CAI-Asia
The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities through sharing experiences and building partnership
Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality management
Capacity building
Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the regional level
Assisting cities in formulating and implementing integrated air quality management systems
Piloting projects to encourage innovation
“Create an Air Quality Management Community in Asia”

5. 50 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region
CAI-Asia Membership
CITIES
Bangkok,Thailand
Chiang Mai,Thailand
Chengdu,PRC
Chittagong,Bangladesh
Chongqing,PRC
Colombo,Sri Lanka
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Guangzhou,PRC
Haiphong, Viet Nam
Hangzhou,PRC
Hanoi,Viet Nam
Harbin,PRC
Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam
Hong Kong, SAR, China
Hyderabad, India
Islamabad,Pakistan
Kathmandu,Nepal
Lahore, Pakistan
Makati,Philippines
Metro Manila, Philippines
Mumbai, India
Naga,Philippines
Phnom Penh,Cambodia
Pune, India
Singapore, (NEA)
Surabaya,Indonesia
Tianjin,PRC
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Yogyakarta,Indonesia
NGAs
Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India
Australia Department of Environment and Heritage
Balochistan EPA, Pakistan
Central Pollution Control Board, India
Department of Environment, Bangladesh
Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, India
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines
Department of Energy, Philippines
Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines
Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh
Environmental Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan
Ministry of Environment, Cambodia
Ministry of Environment, Indonesia
Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India
Pollution Control Department, Thailand
State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point)
Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam
50 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
Asian Development Bank
Australian Department for Environment and Heritage
German Agency for Technical
Cooperation
The William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation
United States-Asia
Environmental Partnership
Sida
World Bank
FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member
Ford Motor Shell
Company CDT Inc.
ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR Member
AVL Corning ETI
ACFA DEKRA ESP
Cerulean EMITEC IPIECA
MAHA SGS JM

6. What does CAI-Asia do ? Knowledge Management Capacity Building
cleanairnet.org/caiasia
CAI-Asia Listserv
Benchmarking Study
AQM Best Practices
Capacity
Building
CATNet Asia
Distance learning course
Special Training Courses
Regional
Policy and
Standards
Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia
CAI-Asia Oil Industry Dialogue
Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia
Integrated
Air Quality
Strategies
Country and City based AQM strategies
Country and city based local networks
Pilot
Projects
PAPA Project
Poverty and Air Pollution
Diesel
Emission Factor Development
PSUTA (sustainable transport)
Fuel additives
Workshops
BAQ 2002
BAQ 2003
BAQ 2004
Sustainable Transport, Vietnam
Sustainable Urban Dev., Shanghai
Heating, Ulaanbaatar
Clean Air Congress, London

7. The Air Quality Management Context in Asia
Part 2
The Air Quality Management Context in Asia

8. Air Quality Management Status
AQM Status
Asia
Air Quality Management Status
Drivers: trends with respect to factors contributing to increase/decrease in emissions
Pressure: trends with respect to emissions from different sources
State: trends with respect to concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere
Impact: trends with respect to health, environmental and economic impacts
Response: trends with respect to the development of capacity to manage air quality
Air quality measurement capacity
Data assessment and availability
Emissions estimates
Management enabling capabilities

9. Urbanization Energy consumption
AQM Status
Asia: drivers
100
200
300
400
500
600
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
U.S. Current Level
Vehicle Population (millions)
Motorization
Urbanization
Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 1999 Revision.
Energy consumption -
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2002
MTOE
Vehicle growth
scenario China
Source: Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003

10. Emissions and Change in Technology
AQM Status
Asia: Pressure
Emissions and Change in Technology
Removal of lead from gasoline has drastically reduced lead being emitted per vehicle
Energy switch e.g Coal to natural gas has contributed to lowering SO2 emissions in urban areas in China.
Source: BAQ 2002
Source: Wangwongwatana, BAQ 2002
Although there is strong growth in motorization, the introduction of cleaner engines and fuels has slowed down the overall growth in emissions and there is considerable potential to slow down the increase in emissions from transport even further
Source: CAI-Asia statistics 2004

11. Average Annual Air Pollution Concentrations (1990 - 1999) in selected Asian Cities
(AMIS Database)
SPM Guidelines = µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
SPM
SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
SO2
PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
PM10
NO2 Guideline = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
NO2

12. Average Annual Air Pollution Concentrations (2000 - 2003) in selected Asian Cities
SPM Guidelines = µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
SPM
SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
SO2
PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
PM10
NO2 Guideline = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
NO2

13. 2000 – 2003 compared with 1990 – 1999 Air Quality Data
Note:
≥ - about 5% increase
≤ - about 5%decrease
? - lack of data

17. Annual Averages of Criteria Pollutants in Asian Cities (1992 - 2003)
Source: PCD, 2004
Source: SEMC, 2004
Source: EPD, 2004
Source: ESMAP, 2004
Source: NEA, 2004
Source: ESMAP, 2004

18. Health Effects and Health Costs
AQM Status
Asia: Impact
Health Effects and Health Costs
Health Effects
Exposure Risks
Exposure Risks
Number of Premature Deaths
0.46
0.62
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
US (90 Cities)*
Eur (21
Studies)*
Asia (6
Studies)
Percent Increase
0.46
0.62
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
US (90 Cities)*
Eur (21
Studies)*
Asia (6
Studies)
Percent Increase
Risks
Risks
Global
Global
Asian
Asian
Estimate
Estimate
Estimate
Estimate
Unsafe
Unsafe
1,730,000
1,730,000
730,000
730,000
Water
Water
Urban
Urban
799,000
799,000
487,000
487,000
Outdoor Air
Outdoor Air
Indoor Air
Indoor Air
1,619,000
1,619,000
1,025,000
1,025,000
Source: Greenbaum and O’Keefe, BAQ 2003
Source: WHO, 2002
Health Costs
Health Costs
(per year)
(per year) • •
Manila US$392M
Manila US$392M • •
Shanghai US$880M
Shanghai US$880M • •
Bangkok US$424M
Bangkok US$424M • •
India US$14 to $ 191.6M
India US$14 to $ 191.6M • •
Jakarta US$ 100 M
Jakarta US$ 100 M
Source: ADB Policy Guidelines on Reducing Vehicle Emissions

19. Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in Asia
Part 3
Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in Asia

20. A Strategic Framework for
AQM in Asia
Aim:
To provide a regional approach to improving urban air quality by facilitating the setting of air quality priorities and providing direction on institutional development and capacity enhancement

21. Target Group of the Strategic Framework
Governmental authorities
Judiciary
Private sector
Civil society
NGOs
Media
Academia
Development agencies

22. Strategic Framework Objectives
Guide decision-makers and stakeholders in Asia in the formulation and implementation of AQM strategies and programmes
Provide a broad, high-level approach that is flexible and adaptable to the needs of different countries/cities
Highlight the most important components of a comprehensive AQM system in a rational and systematic manner

23. Key Sections of the Framework
Air Quality Policies
2. Air Quality Governance
3. Emissions
4. Air Quality Monitoring
5. Air Quality Modelling
6. Health, Environmental & Economic Risk Assessments
7. Financing of AQM

24. Strategic Framework – Outline (1) Air Quality Governance
SECTION OF THE SF
OBJECTIVE 1
Air Quality Policies
To include and/or strengthen the concept of AQM in relevant policies and legislation in cities/ countries in the region 2
Air Quality Governance
To facilitate law enforcement, to inform, educate and strengthen stakeholder participation in all aspects of AQM to prevent and reduce the impacts of air pollution 3
Emissions
To include and/or strengthen enforceable, affordable, sustainable and highly effective measures to assess and reduce emissions

25. Strategic Framework – Outline (2)
SECTION OF THE SF
OBJECTIVE 4
Air Quality Modelling
To support and strengthen national and local air quality estimates and allow source apportionment and estimations of transboundary air pollution 5
Air Quality Monitoring
To establish and/or strengthen national and local air quality monitoring programmes 6
Health, Environmental and Economic Risk Assessments
To establish and/or strengthen national and local programmes which monitor health, environmental and economic impact of air pollution in an harmonized way.

26. Strategic Framework – Outline (3)
SECTION OF THE SF
OBJECTIVE 7
Financing of AQM
To establish mechanisms for financial sustainability in regional, national and local air quality, environmental and health programmes including financing from private sector and other sources

27. Benchmarking of Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia
Part 4
Benchmarking of Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia

28. Benchmarking of AQM capacity
AQM Status
Asia: Response
Benchmarking of AQM capacity
Cities covered in Benchmarking Study
Jakarta
Karachi
Kathmandu
Manila
Mumbai
New Delhi
Kolkata
Osaka
Seoul
Shanghai
Surabaya
Singapore
Taipei
Tokyo
Yogyakarta
Bangkok
Beijing
Busan
Colombo
Dhaka
Hanoi
Hong Kong
Ho Chi Minh
1. Air quality measurement capacity
4. Management enabling capabilities
3. Emissions estimates
2. Data assessment and availability
AQM Questionnaire
AQM Profile
15-20 page document:
general information
description of pollution sources
Air Quality Data
Impacts of air pollution
Policies, Programs and Projects
Conclusions
Review
Both city profile and questionnaire to be reviewed by air quality experts in the city
Overall review panel (e.g. WHO, World Bank and ADB, etc)

29. AQM Indicator Ratings AQM Status Asia: Response
Air quality measurement capacity
Data assessment and availability
Emissions estimates
Management enabling capabilities
Chronic health effects
Acute health effects (continuous 24-hour monitoring)
AQ trends
Spatial distribution
Kerbside concentration
Data quality
Analysis of data
Data dissemination
Total emissions of pollutants
Accuracy of emissions estimates
Availability of emissions estimates
Emissions estimates from different sources
Legislation on AQ standards
Utilization of AQ information 3 14 8 8 11
2.5 6 17 3 9 3 2
2.5 11

30. Air Quality Measurement Capacity AQM Capability Indices
AQM Status
Asia: Response
Air Quality Measurement Capacity AQM Capability Indices
Bangkok

Manila 
Beijing
Mumbai

Busan
New Delhi
Colombo 
Osaka
Dhaka
Seoul
Hanoi
Shanghai
Ho Chi Minh
Singapore
Hong Kong
Surabaya
Jakarta
Taipei,China
Karachi
Tokyo
Kathmandu
Yogyakarta
Kolkata
Only in few cases are monitoring stations linked in a network
Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not (yet) include ozone and PM 2.5
QA/QC programs are not institutionalized in most cases
Legend: Minimal 
Limited 
Moderate 
Good 
Excellent 

31. Data Assessment and Availability AQM Capability Indices
AQM Status
Asia: Response
Data Assessment and Availability AQM Capability Indices
Bangkok

Manila 
Beijing
Mumbai

Busan

New Delhi
Colombo 
Osaka
Dhaka
Seoul
Hanoi
Shanghai
Ho Chi Minh
Singapore
Hong Kong
Surabaya
Jakarta
Taipei,China
Karachi
Tokyo
Kathmandu
Yogyakarta
Kolkata
A few cities have APIs, but not all publish AQ information on a regular basis. API’s in most cases do not include pollutants of concern such as PM10 or Ozone.
Cities with API do not appear to use API as management tool, e.g. issue air quality alerts
Comprehensive overview of air quality data in Asia is not available

32. Emissions estimates AQM Capability Indices
AQM Status
Asia: Response
Emissions estimates AQM Capability Indices
Inventories in many of the cases were conducted by outside groups: academe or consulting firms
Level of detail/ disaggregation varies greatly
Reliability of activity data and Emission factors used is questionable for many of the cities
Caution in using current emission estimates as basis for policy development
Bangkok

Manila

Beijing
Mumbai

Busan
New Delhi
Colombo 
Osaka
Dhaka
Seoul
Hanoi 
Shanghai
Ho Chi Minh
Singapore
Hong Kong
Surabaya
Jakarta
Taipei,China
Karachi
Tokyo
Kathmandu
Yogyakarta
Kolkata

33. Management Enabling capabilities AQM Capability Indices
AQM Status
Asia: Response
Management Enabling capabilities AQM Capability Indices
Bangkok

Manila

Beijing
Mumbai

Busan
New Delhi
Colombo 
Osaka
Dhaka
Seoul
Hanoi 
Shanghai
Ho Chi Minh
Singapore
Hong Kong
Surabaya
Jakarta
Taipei,China
Karachi
Tokyo
Kathmandu
Yogyakarta
Kolkata
AQ ambient standards are in place and generally follow WHO guidelines
Emission standards are in place but enforcement generally weak
Mobile sources of pollution receive disproportionate attention compared to area sources and stationary sources.

34. AQM Management Capacity
AQM Status
Asia: Response
AQM Management Capacity
Stage 5 – Excellent capacity. AQM is a routine activity; well established local institutional capacity; typically stable AQ levels and under WHO guidelines and NAAQS; strong emphasis on pollution prevention; AQ and emission standards are routinely enforced.
Hong Kong, Osaka, Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo and Taipei
Stage 4 – Mature capacity. AQM is increasingly comprehensive and well structured; external, donor involvement limited only to special areas; AQ levels approaching WHO guidelines as well as NAAQS; continuous AQ monitoring; development of medium-term AQM strategies; emerging emphasis on prevention of pollution; enforcement of standards becoming standard practice
Bangkok, Beijing, Busan, New Delhi and Shanghai
Stage 3 – Evolving capacity. Systematic approach to AQM being put in place, often with still extensive foreign support; AQ monitoring increasingly through continuous monitoring; air pollution levels high but stable; more structured approach to enforcement emerging.
Ho Chi Minh, Jakarta, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Manila and Mumbai
Stage 2 – Basic capacity. Initial legislation, standards and control measures; heavy dependence on foreign support; AQ levels high and still increasing; few, often manual type stations for monitoring; often very weak AQ regulations enforcement
Dhaka, Hanoi, Surabaya and Yogyakarta
Stage 1 – Minimal capacity. No established AQM capacity; increasing air pollution levels; no comprehensive AQ legislation and standards; limited ad-hoc AQ monitoring and pollution control
Colombo and Karachi
Classification according to stages is based on AQ capability questionnaire, AQ levels and City profile.
Source: Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities of Asia – Stage 2 (draft)

35. Conclusion
Cities with high levels of economic activity and well-developed AQM systems tend to have better air quality than those cities with a poorly developed AQM system
More emphasis needs to be given to the development of standard methodologies for conducting emission inventories and source apportionment studies
The identified stages of development in terms of AQM capability can assist cities in setting priorities and developing strategies for strengthening their AQM capability
This Benchmarking Study is a useful tool for policy-makers and AQM experts, but methodologies should be modified to adapt to the current situation and new priorities in AQM