1. A2 Technology Product Design Systems and Control Notes DT4 - Exam

2. Sustainability 10

3. Sustainable Design

4. Coming up in this unit What is sustainable design? How can a product be designed with sustainability in mind? What EU directives should we adopt? In Electrical Equipment are there other directives? What is a Life Cycle Assessment?

5. Sustainable Development Is defined as: –Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

6. Some facts to think about Have you ever thought how much rubbish you and your family throw away every week? Or why we need to stop throwing so much of it away? Here ar some waste facts The UK produces more that 434 million tonnes of waste every year. Every year UK households throw away the equivalent 3.5 million double- decker buses (almost 30 million tonnes), a queue of which would stretch from London to Sydney (Australia) and back

7. Some facts to think about On average, each person in the UK throws away seven times thei body weight (about 500kg) in rubbish every year. On average, every family in the UK consumes around 330 glass bottles and jars a year. Recycling two bottles saves enough energy to boil water for five cups of tea Every year, an estimated 17.5 billion plastic bags are given away by supermarkets. We produce and yes 20- times more plastic today than we did 50 years ago. Babies’ nappies make up about two per cent of the average household rubbish. This is equivalent to the weight of nearly 70,000 double-decker buses every year. If lined up end to end, the buses would stretch from London to Edinburgh

9. The 5 basic principles of SD Any product, to be designed with Sustainability in mind should be: –Cyclic –Solar –Efficient –Safe –Social

10. Cyclic RECYCLE –The product should be made so that it can be dismantled and disassembled at the end of its lifecycle. –The product should be made from recycled materials wherever possible. –Products are made from compostable organic materials or from minerals which are continuously recycled in a closed loop.

11. Solar ENERGY Products should be design and made considering the sources of energy used in both manufacture and use. It should be the aim of designers to use only renewable energy, that is cyclic and safe. The smart car factory

12. SAFE ENVIRONMENT The impact of the product’s manufacture on the environment should be zero. Any release to the atmosphere, water, land or space should be food for other organisms.

13. Efficient Saving Energy Products should be made using 90% less energy than in 1990 Products should operate using 90% less energy than they did in 1990. Products should be designed to save energy!

14. Social Fair Trade Products should be made considering the social impact of the manufacturing process. Products should be made considering the social impact in use. Products should be made with a FAIR TRADE policy.

15. It’s not just about recycled paper or washing powder “It’s about redesigning everything”

16. It’s not just about recycled paper or washing powder Products are the source of all environmental problems. It may seem surprising, but most environmental problems are caused by unintentional side-effects of the manufacture, use and disposal of products.

17. It’s not just about recycled paper or washing powder It’s about owning stuff

18. It’s not just about recycled paper or washing powder and what choices we make

19. It’s not just about recycled paper or washing powder when we buy it and throw it away

20. It’s not just about recycled paper or washing powder Major issues such as pollution, deforestation, species loss, and global warming are all by-products of the activities that provide consumers with food, transport, shelter, clothing and the endless array of consumer goods on the market today. “I call this the ‘Hidden Ugliness’ of products.” Edwin Datchefski

21. It’s not just about recycled paper or washing powder Over 30 tonnes of waste are produced for every one tonne of product that reaches the consumer. And then 98 per cent of those products are thrown away within six months!

22. It’s not just about recycled paper or washing powder The Computer About a quarter of a computer is plastic, mostly the casing. It’s a candy coloured translucent plastic called polycarbonate, the same stuff that CD’s are made from. It is made from phosgene, which was used as poison gas in the first world war, and Bisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor.

23. “The hidden ugliness of everyday products” Edwin Datschefski

24. WEEE and RoHS Sustainability and the Environment

25. What is RoHS? The RoHS Directive stands for "the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment". This Directive bans the placing on the EU market of new electrical and electronic equipment containing more than agreed levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Manufacturers need to understand the requirements of the RoHS Directive to ensure that their products, and their components, comply.

26. When did RoHS come in to force? The RoHS Directive and the UK RoHS regulations came into force on 1 July 2006.

27. Do the RoHS Regulations apply to your product? If your business puts electrical and electronic equipment on the EU market in the UK, you may need to comply with the RoHs Regulations, which in part implement the RoHS Directive.

28. What is Electrical and Electronic Equipment? The RoHS Regulations apply to EEE which: –is dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly, including equipment for the generation, transfer and measurement of such currents and fields; –is designed for use with a voltage rating not exceeding 1,000V for alternating current and 1,500V for direct current; and –falls into one of the ten Categories in Schedule 1 to the RoHS Regulations.

29. EEE Categories 1.Large household appliances 2.Small household appliances 3.IT and telecommunications equipment 4.Consumer equipment 5.Lighting equipment including lightbulbs and luminaries in households 6.Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial tools) 7.Toys, leisure and sports equipment 8.Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products) 9.Monitoring and control instruments 10.Automatic dispensers.

30. EEE Categories 1.Large household appliances 2.Small household appliances 3.IT and telecommunications equipment 4.Consumer equipment 5.Lighting equipment including lightbulbs and luminaries in households 6.Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial tools) 7.Toys, leisure and sports equipment 8.Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products) 9.Monitoring and control instruments 10.Automatic dispensers.

32. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) EU DIRECTIVE

33. Directive The EU Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive is one of a series of 'producer responsibility’ Directives that makes EU producers of new equipment pay for the recycling and/or safe treatment and disposal of the products they put on the market when they eventually come to be thrown away.

34. Who do the WEEE regulations affect? Any business that manufactures, brands or imports electrical or electronic products is known as a ‘producer’ and is affected. Businesses selling electrical items or storing, treating or dismantling WEEE are affected. The legislation applies to household and non-household products.

35. Life Cycle Assessment

38. Acquisition of raw materials All products or systems are created from raw materials. Consider the energy needed to extract oil, ores and timer, and in livestock production systems. Look at the environmental impact of mining, deforestation and other issues related to the extraction of raw materials. Transporting raw materials Consider how raw materials are transported nationally and internationally, and examine the environmental impact, for example oil tanker disasters. Processing raw materials Consider the energy requirements and environmental effects of transforming raw materials by chemical or physical processing methods, for example smelting and converting ores into usable materials Manufacturing the product Most products require machine processing. The manufacturing industry requires energy for machines, lighting, heating, etc. Denim jeans are often dyed during manufacture: the chemicals used may have an environmental impact. Transporting components and completed products for distribution involves considerable energy use and impacts on the environment. Using the product Some products require no further energy in usage. Many products, such as cars, washing machines and dishwashers use significant amounts of energy. Some products, such as milk bottles, are reused; energy is used for cleaning before refilling. Detergents used may have an environmental impact. Disposal Collection of waste requires energy. Incineration centres use energy to dispose of waste, although many reclaim the energy created by incineration for useful purposes. Landfill systems may impact on the environment. INPUTS Raw material Energy Water Recycled products OUTPUTS Atmospheric pollutants

39. LCA of a DVD 1.Acquire raw material – bauxite (aluminium ore) mined, crude oil to make polycarbonate and dyes for printing 2.Transport – large container ships: significant energy use, possibility of oil tanker disaster 9for example Prestige, Exxon Valdez) 3.Material processing – bauxite crushed, washed, mixed with chemicals, then smelted, rolled, machined or cast; very heavy power consumption; crude oil processed, with chemicals and natural damage 4.Manufacturing – polycarbonate injection moulded, disk coated with thin layer of aluminium, coat of lacquer applied, disks screen printed 5.Packaging – further material use, plastic cases, card boxes, printed using dye/ink, shrink wrapped; recycled cad and plastic often used; energy needed during processing of packaging 6.transportation/distribution – truck, rail, plane – all contribute to environmental damage 7.Usage – no additional energy needs during usage. If stored and used correctly will last for decades 8.disposal – reuse, share, donate to others; recycled material can be reformatted – material can be cleaned, ground and turned into car parts,

40. BERR has detailed information on its website: www.berr.gov.uk/innovation/sustainability/weee/page302 69.html www.berr.gov.uk/innovation/sustainability/weee/page302 69.html Our website has further information on the regulations and how they apply to you: www.environment-agency.gov.uk/weee There is information for small and medium size businesses at: www.netregs.gov.uk You can phone us on: 08708 506 506 Or email us at: enquiries@environment-agency.gov.ukwww.netregs.gov.uk Where to find out more