2nd + 3d lectures: Curriculum Design & Development

Name: 2nd + 3d lectures: Curriculum Design & Development
Uploaded: 2017-07-16T17:30:53+00:00
Duration: PTM28S7
Channel: Margery Matthews
Description: 2nd + 3d lectures: Curriculum Design & Development

2nd + 3d lectures: Curriculum Design & Development

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What is curriculum design? Curriculum design is a process of critical questioning to frame learning & teaching. The main purpose of the process is to translate broad statements of intent into specific plans & actions. The intention is to ensure, as far as possible, alignment between the three states of curriculum: the planned curriculum, the delivered curriculum and the experienced curriculum Free powerpoint template:

What is curriculum? According to English (2000), “curriculum is any document that exists in a school which defines the work of teachers by identifying the content to be taught and the methods to be used”. It is all planned learning for which the school is responsible. Free powerpoint template:

The curriculum is a crucial component of any educational process. It addresses questions such as what students should learn & be able to do (content), why (objectives), how (methods), & how well (evaluation). Free powerpoint template:

There are many types of curriculum, such as: 1) The Formal curriculum. 2) The Informal curriculum. 3) The Extra curriculum. 4) The Null curriculum. Free powerpoint template:

What is The Formal curriculum? Formal curriculum provides detailed descriptions about what students are expected to know & be able to do. The formal curriculum is developed by state and local educational authorities & by subject matter organizations about what they think students should learn, Free powerpoint template:

and encapsulate value judgments about what sorts of knowledge are considered important, and what attitudes students are expected to emerge with. The formal curriculum is explicitly stating “what students are to learn, and sometimes how they are to learn it.” Statements of this curriculum mainly take the form of lists of learning goals and (in some cases) processes through which students are expected to achieve them. Free powerpoint template:

What is The Informal curriculum? Informal curriculum is those activities that happen that are not designed, planned, or formally accepted by the school. 3) What is The Extra curriculum? The extra curriculum is the planned experiences outside of the specific educational session. Free powerpoint template:

Extracurricular activities are activities performed by students that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school or university education. Extracurricular activities exist at all levels of education, from 4th-6th, junior high/high school, college & university education. Such activities are generally voluntary & often involve others of the same age. Students often organize & direct these activities under faculty sponsorship, although student-led initiatives, such as independent newspapers, are common. Free powerpoint template:

4) What is The Null curriculum? The null curriculum consists of what is not taught. Consideration must be given to the reasons behind why things are not included in the official or operational curriculum. The null curriculum is that contents which are deliberately avoided in teaching sending the students the message that these are not important. Free powerpoint template:

What is curriculum development process? It is the organized preparation of whatever will be taught in schools at a given time in a given year. The Curriculum Development (CD) process encompasses (contains, includes) the design & development of integrated plans for learning, the design of implementation of the plans, & of the evaluation of the plans, their implementation & the outcomes of the learning experience. Free powerpoint template:

The Bases of Curriculum Design:
There are three bases on which a curriculum is built: 1) The psychological basis of curriculum. 2) The intellectual basis of curriculum. 3) The social basis of the curriculum. Free powerpoint template:

The psychological basis is defined as a group of essentials which are resulted from the psychological studies and researches about the nature of learning and the nature of the learner, his/her characteristics of growth, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes. These essentials should be taken into consideration when designing and applying the curriculum. Free powerpoint template:

When discussing the curriculum and the learner, it is very important to define some terms such as: ability, aptitude, needs, attitude and interest. Free powerpoint template:

a) An ability: It is everything a person can do with or without training whether kinetic or mental works, such as: the ability to draw or to remember a poem. It is a level of maturity a person reaches which makes him/her able to acquire an experience or a skill by learning. Free powerpoint template:

c) A need: It is a situation of insufficiency, lack, and shortage accompanied with a feeling of tension and oppression. This feeling disappears when the need is fulfilled. There are two types of needs: Free powerpoint template:

1) Primary needs such as: the need to breathe, eat, drink, sleep… 2) Secondary needs such as the psychological and intellectual needs, e.g.: the need to mutual love, others' appreciation, peace, self-actualization, knowledge, success .. Free powerpoint template:

d) An attitude: It is the intellectual readiness that a learner develops as a result of his/her previous experiences, and which makes him/her acts in a certain way –accept or refuse- when facing certain people, things or ideas. Free powerpoint template:

e) An interest: It indicates love or hatred. Interests change according to the progress of people maturity. Usually attitudes and interests agree with each other, as when someone says: Free powerpoint template:

"I like apples" (interest), and says: "apples are useful for good health“ (attitude). But sometimes there a disagreement between interests and attitudes. This leads to a conflict, as when someone says: "I like smoking (interest) but it is unhealthy for the body (attitude)". Free powerpoint template:

The Five Elements of Curriculum:
Any curriculum usually includes five elements: 1) Objectives. 2) Content. 3) Teaching methods. 4) Teaching and learning activities. 5) Assessment. Free powerpoint template:

1) Objectives: Educational objective is defined as: any improvement intended to be achieved in the learner's behavior as a result of the learning process. Free powerpoint template:

Levels of Objectives : Objectives are divided into different levels ranging between generality and specification. Many educational specialists divide objectives into three levels: a) Aims. b) Goals. c) Teaching objectives. Free powerpoint template:

Teaching Objectives Goals Aims Free powerpoint template:

a) Aims: Aims cannot be observed or assessed directly. Although, they are very general, they should be written to agree with goals and behavioral objectives. Free powerpoint template:

b) Goals: Goals are less general phrases or sentences than aims. They are related to specific academic program. Curriculum designers use goals to help them to form the behavioral objectives of that curriculum or program. Free powerpoint template:

The difference between aims and goals lies in the level of generality. While aims focus on general educational process such as: raising a good person, or a person who believes in God, or a good patriot, goals are related to a certain curriculum or program in a specific educational stage, such as: helping learners to acquire facts and scientific concepts in a functional way. Free powerpoint template:

c) Teaching Objectives:
They are very specific objectives which describe the learner's behavior resulting from teaching accurately. They can be achieved within an educational situation or a teaching period. Teaching objectives are divided into two types: Free powerpoint template:

a) Behavioral objectives which are specified by the learner's behavior resulting from learning. This behavior can be observed and measured, such as: write, draw, compare… etc. The formula of forming the behavioral object is: Students + will be able to + one action verb (e.g.: write, read, pronounce) Free powerpoint template:

b) Non-behavioral objectives in which a behavior cannot be observed or measured, such as: understand, know, realize… etc. Free powerpoint template:

Classification of Objectives:
Objectives are classified into a number of areas. The most famous classification of objectives is Bloom classification of objectives in the cognitive domain, Krathowl classification of objectives in the affective domain and Simpson classification of objectives in the psychomotor domain. Free powerpoint template:

a) The Cognitive Domain:
This domain focuses on the knowledge and information acquired by the learner such as: facts, concepts, principles, approaches … etc. Bloom divided this domain into six levels starting with the easiest one and moving to the most difficult: Free powerpoint template:

1) Knowledge: the learner recalls information as they are exactly. 2) Comprehension: the learner recalls information using his/her own words. 3) Application: the learner uses what s/he studied in new situations. 4) Analysis: the learner recognizes the elements of an educational situation and the relations among those elements. Free powerpoint template:

5) Synthesis: the learner reorganizes the components of an educational situation and finds new unknown relations. 6) Evaluation: the learner judge the value of the material s/he is learning. Free powerpoint template:

b) The Affective Domain:
This domain focuses on the attitudes, interests, values and believes acquired by the learner. Krathowl and his colleagues divided this domain into five levels starting with the easy objective and moving to the complicated one: Free powerpoint template:

1) Receiving: Learner is ready and wants to work enthusiastically. 2) Responding: the learner participates positively and interacts continuously. 3) Valuing: the learner gives a value to something or a certain behavioral phenomenon. Free powerpoint template:

4) Organizing: the learner gathers more than one value and solve the contradictions among them and organizes their priorities. 5) Characterizing: the learner owns a personal philosophy and a system of values which controls and directs his/her behavior. Free powerpoint template:

c) The Psychomotor Domain:
This domain focuses on the ability the learner acquires to accomplish the different skills practically, such as: writing, drawing, coloring ... etc. Simpson divided this domain into seven levels: 1) Recognition: the learner recognizes the skill by using the senses. Free powerpoint template:

2) Readiness: the learner is ready and interested in doing the activity. 3) The overt directed response: the learner repeats what the teacher did under the teacher directions and supervision. 4) Habituation: the learner repeats the learnt response automatically focusing on correcting errors. Free powerpoint template:

5) The overt complicated response: the learner accomplishes the complicated skills effectively. 6) Adaptation: the learner develops the skill accomplishment to agree with requirements of new situations. 7) Originality: the learner innovates a new plan (not used before) to accomplish the skill. Free powerpoint template:

The Conditions of Writing Teaching Objectives:
1) Scope: objectives should cover the three domains: cognitive, affective and psychomotor. 2) Suitability: teaching objectives should suit the aims and goals of the curriculum. Free powerpoint template:

3) Validity: teaching objectives should be important and have an educational value for learners in the present and future. 4) Feasibility: teaching objectives should be reasonable so learner can achieve them. They should not be fantastic. Free powerpoint template:

5) Compatibility: teaching objectives should be compatible with each other. For example: teaching objectives will not be compatible if they focus on fighting smoking in one subject while admiring tobacco as one of the country financial resources in another. 6) Specification: teaching objectives should be specified and clear without any ambiguity. Free powerpoint template:

Resources of the Educational Objectives:
Curriculum designers usually examine many resources in order to form the educational objectives. These resources include: Free powerpoint template:

1) The nature and needs of the learner. 2) The nature and problems of the society. 3) The educational philosophy of the society. 4) The nature of the school subject. Free powerpoint template:

2) Content: At this point, the primary questions are: "If the intended outcome is to be attained, what will the learner need to know? What knowledge, skills, attitudes, &behaviors will need to be acquired and practiced?" The choice of content (breadth of knowledge, skills, attitudes, & behaviors) and the sequence (order) of the content are very important issues to study. Free powerpoint template:

a) The choice of the Content:
Content choice means specifying the content which achieves the curriculum objectives. To choose a content, curriculum designers should take into consideration the following points: 1) Validity: to make sure that the chosen information are correct. Free powerpoint template:

2) Significance: to make sure that the chosen content includes the important information and facts a learner needs to learn a certain course. 3) Students interests: to make sure that the chosen content is built on the learners' needs, interests, abilities, and level of maturity. The content should consider the individual differences among the learners. Free powerpoint template:

4) Learnability: to make sure that the chosen content could be learnt and understood. It should consider the previous knowledge of learners and their intellectual level. 5) Utility: to make sure that the chosen content is useful to the learners' lives. Free powerpoint template:

6) Feasibility: to make sure that the chosen content can be applied within the specified time for the curriculum during each week, the number of learners, the qualifications of teachers who will teach that content, schools potentialities … Free powerpoint template:

b) The sequence of the Content:
The sequence of the content should achieve the following objectives: 1) Speed of Learning. 2) Easiness of Learning: from concrete to abstract. 3) Progression of Learning: from the easy to the more difficult. 4) Growth of Learning: avoiding repetition and redundancy. Free powerpoint template:

5) Continuation of Learning: the educational relations among the main components of the curriculum should be continuous. 6) Integration of Learning: the horizontal correlation among the curriculum experiences in different courses. 7) Succession of Learning: the repetition of a skill or concept with extra depth and expansion. Free powerpoint template:

c) The levels of the Content sequence:
There are many – often equally effective -- ways to organize a course to accomplish a particular set of objectives. A content could be sequenced according to two levels. The first is the logical sequence of the content where the main concern is the course or the material itself. Free powerpoint template:

The second level is the psychological sequence of the content in which the main concern is the learner not the material. According to the logical sequence of the content a course could be arranged in any one of the following ways: 1) Chronologically (old to present), Free powerpoint template:

2) From concrete to abstract (or vice versa), 3) From theory to application (or vice versa), 4) Around a set of questions, or around a set of practical problems or case studies, 5) From the easy to the more difficult, or 6) From the simple to the more complicated. Free powerpoint template:

3) Methods of Teaching: Methods of teaching were and will be discussed thoroughly in other courses. Free powerpoint template:

4) Teaching and Learning Activities:
Learning and teaching activities could be classified according to the aim or the type of activities. Such classifications could be: Free powerpoint template:

1) Classification according to the place of activities (organized activities inside the classroom, or free activities outside the classroom). 2) Classification according to the number of the participants (large number of participants, small number of participants, or a single participant) Free powerpoint template:

3) Classification according to the senses used in the learning activities (auditory, visual, vocal, or kinetic) 4) Classification according to the objective of the learning activities (to get information, to develop skills, to achieve affective goals, or to build concepts or generalizations) Free powerpoint template:

5) Assessment: Two types of evaluation & assessment, formative & summative, are used during curriculum design and development: 1) Formative evaluations or assessment are used during the needs assessment, product development, &testing steps. Formative provides feedback during the process of developing the curriculum. Free powerpoint template:

2) Summative evaluations or assessment are undertaken to measure and report on the outcomes of the curriculum. Summative evaluation provides evidence for what works, what does not work, and what needs to be improved. Free powerpoint template:

END OF THE LECTURE THANK YOU Free powerpoint template:

2nd + 3d lectures: Curriculum Design & Development

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