1. Project Design and Planning
Sequence of Systematic
Project Design 1

2. The sequence of Objectives-Oriented Project Planning (OOPP)
Problem Analysis
Participants Anal.
Objectives Analysis
Alternatives Analysis 1. 2. 3.
Log. Framework
Plan of Operations 2

3. Visualization in Participatory Project Planning (VIPP)
Make your plan:
Visible
Readable
Changeable
Movable 3

4. PCM Workshop-House Rules
Write your own idea on a card.
Write only one idea on a card.
Describe in a clear and brief sentence.
Stick to the facts, and avoid abstraction and generalizations.
Write your ideas on the cards before beginning discussion.
Obtain a consensus when removing cards from the board. 4

5. ANALYSIS STAGE Stakeholders Analysis Problems Analysis Objectives
Alternative Analysis
PLANNING
STAGE
PDM
Plan of Operation
(PO)
PDM 5

6. Analyze existing situation Identify important problems
Problem Analysis
Analyze existing situation
Identify important problems
Define core problem
Draw cause effect relationship
Why? 6

7. Problem Tree Direct Effects EFFECTS CORE PROBLEM Core Problem CAUSES
Direct Causes 7

8. Rice productivity is low.
Example: Problem Tree
Household
Income
decreases.
Farmers
Have to work
long hours.
EFFECTS
Core Problem
Rice productivity is low.
CAUSES
Arable land
is very limited
Irrigation system
Does not work
properly
Traditional
Farming methods
are used..
Main facilities
are not
well maintained
Terminal
Facilities
Are not well
maintained
Farmers
Do not want
To Apply
fertilizers
Farmers
Cannot afford
To buy modern
equipment 8

9. Write existing problems only. Write only one problem per card.
Tip for Writing Problem Cards
Write existing problems only.
Write only one problem per card.
Describe the problem in a sentence
Do not include both the cause and the effect of a problem on one card.
Try to avoid expressions such as “No resources is available.”
(instead, describe the conditions resulting from the lack or absence of the
particular) 9

10. Exercise 2: Your Problem Tree Generating activities
Women cannot be
involved in Income
Generating activities
Core Problem 10

11. Avoid Prefer Farmers cannot receive appropriate medical treatment
There is no hospital
Technical skills are inadequate and vehicles are in poor condition
Technical skills of train operator are inadequate
Vehicles are in poor condition
Irrigation system
Irrigation system does not work properly 11

12. Identify future alternatives objective (add if necessary)
Objective Analysis
Rephrase the problems (negative statements) into objectives (positive statements)
Identify future alternatives objective (add if necessary) 12

13. Step 3: Objectives Analysis
A Process to change “cause-effect” relationships that were clarified in the Problem Analysis to “means-ends” relationships that would be attained in the project.
Problem
Objectives
Farmers cannot receive appropriate medical treatment
Farmers canreceive appropriate medical treatment
Tap water is contaminated with soil residue
Tap water has nocontaminated with soil residue
Rice productivity
Is low
Rice productivity
increases 13

14. Objective Tree Negative Positive http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ Ends
Effect
CORE
PROBLEM
CORE
OBLECTIVE
Means
Cause 14

15. Objective Tree <Positive> Problem Tree <Negative>
Household
Income
decrease
Household
Income
increase
Farmers ‘s
Workload is reduced
Farmers
have to
work long hours.
Core
Problem
Rice
Productivity
is low
Rice
Productivity
increase
Core
Objective
Arable land
is very
limited
Irrigation system
does not
work properly
Traditional
farming
methods
Are used
More arable
land
is available
Irrigation system
work properly
Modern farming
methods are
introduced
Main facilities
are not well
maintained
Main facilities
are well
maintained
Farmers
apply
fertilizers
Farmers
Do not want
to apply
fertilizers 15

16. Tips for Writing Objective Cards
Describe desirable situations on the cards
2. Confirm the statement whether it is realistic or not.
3. Confirm the statement whether it is feasible or not.
4. Add new cards if necessary.
5. You may not have to rewrite all the problem cards.
6. Do not become an automatic “translation machine” 16

17. Exercise 3: Your Objective Tree
Core Objective 17

18. Participants/Stakeholder Analysis
Identify Key Persons, groups, institutions, organizations, etc.
Form categories, beneficiaries, implementers, partners, etc.
Analyze the groups
Identify consequences of project 18

19. 19

20. 20

21. 21