1. Gender and Development – Practical approaches
Gender Analysis
Presented by: Jagriti Shankar
Gender-KM Officer
APMAS –Gender Sensitive Management Project
Asian Institute of Technology

2. Overview What and Why of Gender Analysis
Gender Analysis Frameworks and Tools

3. Learning Objectives After this session you should be able to:
recognise the importance of gender analysis for project planning, implementation and evaluation
use tools for gender analysis as part of development interventions

4. We learned so far..
Gender is a social construction depending upon time and culture
Women’s and men’s division of labour and access and control over resources is different
There is a global gender inequality in favour of men
Men’s work = paid = considered more important
Women’s work = unpaid= considered less important
Due to gender discrimination women do not get their fair share of opportunities and benefits

5. Can development initiatives fail because they do not consider gender ?

6. Have a look at this development intervention (source: UNDP)
We have brought Food for everyone, Go get from the tree.

7. Answer these Q. based on the Picture
Do you think this is Equal Opportunity for all animals?
Does the same thing happens in development projects?
Who will be able to get the Food?
What should be done instead?

8. Implicit Assumptions of Development Programs
Assumptions during Project design and implementation:
Men are the head of household -> Project activities for economic benefits should focus men
Housework or child care is not much efforts -> Women can handle outside work with house work, women’s priorities go unnoticed
Women do care work -> Interventions related to family health should focus women
Development benefits will automatically reach women

9. What is Gender Analysis
Gender analysis is a tool
to better understand
the different social,
economic, cultural
and political realities
of women and men, girls and boys.
At its core is understanding culture (underlying values, norms and beliefs), expressed in the construction of gender identities and inequalities. (Word Fish)

10. Goals of Gender Analysis
Better understand our community (women, men, girls and boys)
Get better results from development programs

11. What Gender Analysis Will Provide?
Analysis of the Division of Labour and Access and Control of Resources
Understanding of gender relations and their Implications for development policy and implementation
Specific gender disaggregated statistics
A Review of Women’s Priorities, Women’s Practical Needs and Strategic Interest and ways to address them
A Review of Social, Economic, Political Power Dynamics
Absence of GA propose high risk of program failure, less success or reinforce inequity

12. Some examples
A gender analysis of health program will inform you how inequalities disadvantage women’s health, the constraints women face, ways to overcome constraints.
A gender analysis of women worker’s situations, their needs, work places, wages, market trends will provide practical information to advocate for all (women and men) worker’s rights
A gender analysis of product supply chain will tell you women’s involvement at different stages in the supply chain so to increase their visibility and gain economic benefits
A gender analysis of water project will inform you where women collect water, what should be done to increase women’s access to safe water

13. When to conduct a Gender Analysis
Gender Analysis should/can be undertaken at any/all stages of a program/project cycle, including:
Identification of the project;
Planning or design of the activity;
Implementation; and
Monitoring and evaluation of program

14. Who should do gender analysis
Government
Policy makers
Donors
Program Managers
Development Staff
Field workers, etc.
GA should be participatory involving key stakeholders from the field where the intervention is to take place
Gender Analysis can be conducted through a variety of Tools and Frameworks

15. How To Do Gender Analysis
Collect Relevant Data: Sex–disaggregated information for analysis (Who does what? Gender roles, responsibilities, priorities of men and women both within and outside the household? Who has what? Who controls what?)
Identify Relevant Gender Issues (women’s and men’s practical needs and strategic interests)
Understand the institutional, economic, social, and political contexts (What are the differences, constraints, influences, power dynamics between women and men?)
Understand the priorities and needs of both men and women affected by the project (what do they need/want?)

16. Gender Analysis Frameworks
Gender roles framework (Harvard)
Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser)
Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren Levy)
Gender analysis matrix (GAM)
Equality and empowerment framework (Sara Longwe)
Capacities and vulnerabilities framework (CVA)
People oriented planning framework (POP)
Social relations framework (SRF)
A Standardized format that guide you to do GA
Frameworks are only tools, you have to decide how to confront the situation
Frameworks can be combined according to particular situations
The frameworks address different aspects of gender equality and therefore are useful in different situations. Harvard and Moser are particularly useful when analysing the division of labour in agriculture and in urban settings; Levy is useful for gender mainstreaming in institutions; GAM is useful when assessing gender differential impacts of projects at community level; Longwe is useful for assessment of empowerment of women due to interventions in all sectors; CVA deals mainly with humanitarian and disaster preparedness issues; POP is an expanded version of Harvard, dealing mainly with refugee issues; SRF is useful when dealing with sustainable development and institutional change
Harvard framework was developed at Harvard university. It is also called the Gender Roles Framework, was developed by the Harvard Institute for International Development in collaboration with the Women In Development office of USAID, and was first described in 1984 by Catherine Overholtand others. It was one of the earliest of such frameworks.[7] The starting point for the framework was the assumption that it makes economic sense for development aid projects to allocate resources to women as well as men, which will make development more efficient – a position named the “efficiency approach"
Harvard framework informs planners about the situations, roles, resources, various social, economical and political influencing factors and on the basis of this overall information, planners can design better and efficient projects
It improves the visibility because it generates the sex dissegrated data

17. Harvard framework - 1 Can help planners design efficient projects
Improves visibility of women in target area
Three main tools:
Tool 1: The socio-economic activity profile –
who does what, when, where and for how long?
Harvard framework was developed at Harvard university. It is also called the Gender Roles Framework, was developed by the Harvard Institute for International Development in collaboration with the Women In Development office of USAID, and was first described in 1984 by Catherine Overholtand others. It was one of the earliest of such frameworks.[7] The starting point for the framework was the assumption that it makes economic sense for development aid projects to allocate resources to women as well as men, which will make development more efficient – a position named the “efficiency approach"
Harvard framework informs planners about the situations, roles, resources, various social, economical and political influencing factors and on the basis of this overall information, planners can design better and efficient projects
It improves the visibility because it generates the sex dissegrated data

19. Tool 1: Activity profile
Activities
Women/Men
Time
Productive/Livelihood activities
Agriculture
Income generation
Employment
Others M
Seasonal
Reproductive activities
Water
Fuel
Food
Childcare
Health
Cleaning and repair
Market
Other W
W W
W/M
Everyday – 2 hrs
Everyday – 4 hrs

20. Harvard framework - 2 Tool 2: The access and control profile –
who has access to resources (ex. land, equipment, capital etc.)?
who has access to benefits (ex. education, health services, political power etc.)?
who has control over resources and benefits?
We analyze what resources people use to carry out the tasks identified in step 1 activity profile.
Do we understand that Access and control are different. Though women can unrestrictedly use some resources but not always they can control or take decisions about changing, buying, selling of these resources.
If women have access to resources that may serve women’s practical needs, but it doesn’t serve women’s strategic needs in longer term. For gender equity women and men should have equal control over resources like buying or selling of land, or other property.

21. Tool 2: Access and control profile
Assets, Resources
Land
Equipment
Cash
Education
Training
Other
W/M M
Benefits
Income
Health
Water User Group
Political power W

22. Tool 3: Influencing factors
3. Identify factors that determine the gender differences –
Political, economic, cultural etc.
Communtiy norms, social hierachies
Training and education
Attitude of community towards external development workers
Past and present influences
Opportunities and constraints

23. Gender Analysis of Projects
Activity Profile
Who does what?
Access and Control Profile
Who has what?
Analysis of Factors and Trends
Socio-Economic-Political factors
Program Cycle Analysis
What gender considerations are needed in project design and implementation

24. Gender Analysis Matrix
The tool uses participatory methodology to facilitate the definition and analysis of gender issues by the communities that are affected by them. Using the Gender Analysis Matrix will provide a unique articulation of issues as well as develop gender analysis capacity from the grassroots level up.
All requisite knowledge for gender analysis exists among the people whose lives are the subject of the analysis
Gender analysis does not require the technical expertise of those outside the community being analyzed, except as facilitators
Gender analysis cannot be transformative unless the analysis is done by the people being analyzed.

25. CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS
Unit s of Analysis #1:
LABOR
Unit s of Analysis #2:
TIME
Unit s of Analysis #3
Unit s of Analysis #4
Levels of Analysis/ Stakeholders
Stakeholder #1 : Men
Stakeholder #2: Women
Stakeholder #3: Community
Stakeholder #4

26. Sample Gender Analysis Matrix
Dimensions of Analysis
Livelihood activities, roles, relations
Assets, Capabilities
Power and Decision-making
Needs, Priorities
Institutions, Mechanisms, Governance
WOMEN
What activities they do?
Where?
When?
What assets, capabilities, opportunities they have?
What are different vulnerability?
What are their different coping mechanism?
What decision making do men and women participate in?
What decision making they control?
What constraints they face?
What are women’s needs and priorities
What are their aspirations for future
How markets work differently for women and men?
Do governance takes into account women’s concerns
MEN
-do-

27. Case study for gender analysis Source: ‘Hor Sophea, AIT’
The urban population in Cambodia collect water from a variety of sources, including piped water, public tap, well, surface water, and water sold by private vendors which is usually high cost and from unreliable sources. Though men help sometime but traditionally women collect water for household use. Most slum dwellers face drainage and sewerage problems, esp. during the rainy season. MRD installed 5 tube-wells without consultations with community or testing ground water quality. The tube well water contained high iron, lime, arsenic and could not be used for washing cloths, cooking food or bathing. After a number of health problems people stopped using water from the tube wells.