1. Integration in Medical Education
للأمانة العلمية: جهزت هذه الشرائح من قبل أعضاء هيئة التدريس من الكلية و خارجهاو ليس عمل شخص واحد. هذه سلسلة من المحاضرات على مدار السنة بمعدل محاضرة واحدة أسبوعيا للفائدة. تعرض هذه المحاضرات باللغة الإنجليزية و لكن سيوضح عضو هيئة التدريس أي نقطة يستفسر الطالب عنها.

2. OBJECTIVES Define “curriculum”, Identify different types of curricula,
Identify the content structures of a curriculum,
List different educational strategies.
Define integration.
Recall the concept.
Recognize the benefits.
Identify the advantages & disadvantages.

3. What is a curriculum??

4. What is a curriculum?
The curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university with which students will interact for the purpose of achieving identified educational outcomes.
The curriculum is the set of instructional strategies teachers plan to use.

5. What is a curriculum?
A curriculum is about what should happen in a teaching program – about the intension of the teachers and about the way they make this happen.
The curriculum in fact is
What the student learns
How the student learns (strategy/s & Learning/teaching tools)
How the student assessed
The learning environment
Learning outcomes

6. Types of Curricula The Concurrent Curricula
The official curriculum: (The written curriculum),
The Operational Curriculum,
Hidden Curriculum
is a side effect of an education, which are learned but not openly intended such as the transmission of values, and beliefs conveyed in the classroom and the social environment.

7. Different curricular models
Outcome-Based Education (OBE)- What sort of doctor is needed?
philosophy that focuses on measuring student performance, which are called outcomes. Students demonstrate that they have learned the required skills and content
OBE contrasts with traditional education which primarily focuses on the resources that are available to the student, which are called inputs.

8. Different curricular models
Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
is a student-centered education in which students learn about a subject in context of complex, many-sided & realistic problems
The goals of PBL are to help students:
develop flexible knowledge,
effective problem solving skills,
self-directed learning (SDL),
effective collaboration skills &
intrinsic motivation

9. Different curricular models
Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
Working in groups,
students identify what they already know, what they need to know, & how & where to access new information that may lead to resolution of the problem.
The role of the instructor is facilitator who provides appropriate support, modeling of the process, & monitoring the learning

10. Different curricular models
Task-Based Learning:
The primary focus of classroom activity is the task and information the students have, is the instrument which the students use to complete it.

11. Different curricular models
Core & Student selection Components
An Integrated system-based approach.
Community-Based Education
learners are encouraged to actively apply concepts & information, skills or attitudes to local situations. E.g. students would not just study pollution, but would be encouraged & provided with the opportunity to observe, examine and hopefully reverse pollution of pond water at local levels through a variety of actions.

12. Basic curricular structures
The discrete (=separate, isolated) curriculum,
The linear curriculum,
The pyramidal structure, AND
The spiral curriculum.
Curriculum in which students repeat the study of a subject at different grade levels, each time at a higher level of difficulty and in greater depth.

13. Educational strategies
Six educational strategies by Prof Harden.
Each strategy can be represented as a spectrum or continuum:
Student-centered/teacher-centered
Problem-based/information-gathering
Integrated/discipline-based
Community-based/hospital-based
Elective/uniform
Systematic/apprenticeship (internship)-based

14. SPICES Model of Educational Strategies
Hospital-based
SPICES Model of Educational Strategies
Student centered
“What the student learn rather than what is taught"
Teacher centered
Problem-based
Information-oriented
Subject or Discipline-based
Integrated or Inter-professional
Integration throughout the curriculum
Community-based
Less emphasis on hospital-based programs
Hospital-based

15. SPICES Model of Educational Strategies
Hospital-based
SPICES Model of Educational Strategies
Elective-driven
According to student needs, learning & teaching adjusted to the needs of students
Uniform
Systematic
To ensure that all students have had comparable learning experience
apprenticeship (internship)-based
i.e Opportunistic (=resourceful)

16. Some background on Students learning

17. Think, Pair & Share:
What is Integration??

18. Abraham Flexner Recommendations:
Under Flexner’s influence, medical curricula around the world came to be structured into:
Preclinical medicine: learned in lecture theatres, teaching laboratories, dissecting rooms, and librarie
Clinical medicine: learned in wards and operating theatres of university tertiary hospitals

19. Old Curriculum Basic Sciences: Anatomy Physiology
Pathology/Immunology/Microbiology….
Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Clinical:
Medicine, surgery, Ob/Gyn, Peadiatrics,
ENT/Oph….

20. Learn like doctor & think like doctor
…because human beings are complex organisms whose discrete (=separate) systems are linked intricately (=complicatedly) and elaborately within the body and modified profoundly (=greatly) by external influences, we need to teach in ways that reflect this complexity and that stimulate students to synthesize information across disciplines.
Dienctag

21. Learn like doctor & think like doctor
A sick patient does not represent a biochemistry
problem, an anatomy problem, a genetics
problem, or an immunology problem; rather,
each person is the product of myriad (=numerous) molecular, cellular, genetic, environmental, and social influences that interact in complex ways to determine health and disease.
Dienctag

22. What is Integration??

23. Integration: a definition
“ The teaching of different subject areas in a thematic manner, so that the different disciplines are not emphasized”
Internal dictionary of Adult & CME

24. Integration: a definition
“ The organization of teaching of matter to interrelate or unify (join, unite) subjects frequently taught in separate academic courses or departments”
Harden

25. Curriculum
Integration

26. Curriculum: What is taught in a school

27. Think, Pair & Share: Differences in integrated & discipline-based curriculum??

28. The Rationale (=basis,foundation)
Curriculum organization denotes (=means) a systematic arrangement of curriculum elements.
It will results in a more relevant, meaningful, and student centered curriculum.
Integration makes the learning contexts close to the context in which the information is to be retrieved (=recovered, regained). E.g. integrated learning within integrated context such as primary care medicine.

29. Think, Pair & Share: Advantages & Disadvantages??

30. Advantages 1. Matching curriculum aims.
2. Achieving higher level of objectives.
3. Avoiding information overload.
4. Making learning interesting & effectives
5. Motivating students.
6. Benefiting staff.

31. Disadvantages 1. Loosing subject identity.
2. Requiring interdepartmental planning.
3. Resources shortage.
4. Contents coverage.

32. Types of Integration Clinical Basic Science Horizontal Integration
Vertical integration
Horizontal Integration

33. Summary Learning take place better if it is contextual.
Overcrowding information could be solved by integration.
Integration is the necessity & not the luxury.
This is the relatively new trend which has been applied in medical education every where.

34. I wish you a very successful and enjoyable time in your course
All the best