1. Lecture 32 Subordination (II) 32.1 Infinitive clauses 32.1 Infinitive clauses 1) Types of infinitive clauses 1) Types of infinitive clauses A) Infinitive clause without expressed subject A) Infinitive clause without expressed subject Eg. I hope to be able to come. Eg. I hope to be able to come. B) Infinitive clause with expressed subject B) Infinitive clause with expressed subject Eg. The best thing would be for you to tell everybody. Eg. The best thing would be for you to tell everybody. C) Infinitive clause introduced by wh- word or subordinator C) Infinitive clause introduced by wh- word or subordinator Eg. I don ’ t know what to do / how to do it/ where to go. Eg. I don ’ t know what to do / how to do it/ where to go.

2. 2) syntactic functions of infinitive clauses 2) syntactic functions of infinitive clauses 32.2 – ing participle clauses 32.2 – ing participle clauses 1) Types of – ing participle clauses 1) Types of – ing participle clauses A) – Ing participle clause without expressed subject or subordinator A) – Ing participle clause without expressed subject or subordinator Eg. He denied having been there. Eg. He denied having been there. B) – ing participle clause with subordinator B) – ing participle clause with subordinator Eg. When sleeping, I never hear a thing. Eg. When sleeping, I never hear a thing. C) – ing participle clause with expressed subject C) – ing participle clause with expressed subject Eg. Do you mind my/ me making a suggestion ? Eg. Do you mind my/ me making a suggestion ?

3. 2) syntactic functions of – ing participle clauses 2) syntactic functions of – ing participle clauses A) Both – ing participle and infinitive clauses can be used as subject, object, and subject/ object complement. A) Both – ing participle and infinitive clauses can be used as subject, object, and subject/ object complement. Eg. I like getting up early in the morning. I like to get up early in the morning. Eg. I like getting up early in the morning. I like to get up early in the morning. B) As adverbials, -ing participle clauses can be used in various senses. B) As adverbials, -ing participle clauses can be used in various senses. Eg. Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. Eg. Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. Being a hard-working young man, he was praised by his teachers. Being a hard-working young man, he was praised by his teachers.

4. 32.3 – ed participle clauses 32.3 – ed participle clauses 1) Types of – ed participle clauses 1) Types of – ed participle clauses A) – ed participle clause without expressed subject or subordinator A) – ed participle clause without expressed subject or subordinator Eg. Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room. Eg. Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room. B) – ed participle clause with subordinator B) – ed participle clause with subordinator Eg. Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir. Eg. Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir. C) – ed participle clause with expressed subject C) – ed participle clause with expressed subject Eg. The job finished, we went home straight away. Eg. The job finished, we went home straight away.

5. 32.4 Verbless clauses 32.4 Verbless clauses 1) Types of verbless clauses 1) Types of verbless clauses A ) Verbless clause without subordinator A ) Verbless clause without subordinator Eg. Right or wrong, I have given him a piece of mind. Eg. Right or wrong, I have given him a piece of mind. An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss for a word. An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss for a word. B) Verbless clause with subordinator B) Verbless clause with subordinator Eg. Whatever the reason, his cordiality has won him a friend. Eg. Whatever the reason, his cordiality has won him a friend. Although very helpful, he was not much liked by people. Although very helpful, he was not much liked by people.

6. C) Verbless clause with expressed subject C) Verbless clause with expressed subject Eg. Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. Eg. Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 2) Syntactic functions of verbless clauses 2) Syntactic functions of verbless clauses Eg. You must eat it when fresh. Eg. You must eat it when fresh. The cardboard is light-proof where thick. The cardboard is light-proof where thick. 32.5 “ Absolute constructions ” 32.5 “ Absolute constructions ” 1) Types of “ absolute constructions ” 1) Types of “ absolute constructions ” 2) Uses of “ absolute constructions ” 2) Uses of “ absolute constructions ” Eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. Eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.