1. Chapter 1
What is Biology?

2. The Science of Biology
Science – the process to understand the world around us.
Biology – the study of life
Bios means life in Greek
Logos means study of
Living things depend on other living and nonliving things.

3. Biologists Study the Diversity of Life
Why Study Biology?
Lead to advances in medical treatment and disease prevention.
Help preserve species in danger of disappearing
Teach you how humans function

4. Characteristics of Living Things
Sometimes nonliving things have one or more of life’s characteristics, but only when something has all of them can it be considered living.
Organism – anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life.
6 Characteristics of Living Things:
1. Made of cells
Each cell contains DNA.

5. 2. Reproduction – production of offspring
Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual organism, but it is essential for the continuation of the organism’s species.
Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
3. Grow and develop
Growth – an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures.
Development – all of the changes that take place during the life of an organism.

6. 4. Adapt to the environment
Homeostasis – regulation of an organisms internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival.
5. Adapt and evolve
Adaptation – any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment.
Evolution – the gradual accumulation of adaptations over time.
6. Have a definite life span

7. The Methods of Biology and Science 
Scientific Method – common steps that scientists use to gather information and answer questions.
Scientific Method has 5 steps:
1. Collect observations and state the problem.
Scientists first observe something with one or more of their five senses
What do you want to find out

8. 2. Form a hypothesis – an explanation for a question or a problem that can be tested.
3. Plan and Perform MULTIPLE Experiments.
Perform the experiment as many times as possible to reduce the chance of error.
There are 3 important parts to an experiment.
Control - the group in which all conditions are kept the same and you can compare your results against
Variable – condition that changes
Constant(s) – conditions(s) that stay the same

9. 4. Observe and Record Results.
Make tables, charts, graphs
Do you see any patterns or trends?
5. Draw Conclusions
Does the data support your hypothesis?
What errors occurred in your experiment?
What would you do different next time?

10. Form a Theory
Theory – a hypothesis that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence.
No theory is considered absolute truth.
As new evidence is uncovered a theory may be revised or replaced.
It becomes a Law after many years of holding true.

11. Two Things Involved in Testing
Independent Variable – the condition in an experiment that is changed by the scientist
It is the variable you mess with or what you can change
Goes on the X axis
Dependent Variable – the condition in an experiment that changes
The variable you measure or what you can’t directly control.
Goes on the Y axis

12. Graphing
The X axis is horizontal
The Y axis is vertical
What Makes a Good Graph?
Title
Axis is labeled with units of measurement
Use all of graph paper
Key

13. LINE GRAPH Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Enzyme Activity
H2O2
Depth
Your Data Time
Your Data Rate
Class Data Avg. Rate
0 units/ml (0%)
100mm
0.0sec
0 mm/sec
0.0mm/sec
20 units/ml (20%)
98mm
31 sec
3.2 mm/sec
2.98mm/sec
50 units/ml (50%)
103mm
18 sec
5.7 mm/sec
5.48mm/sec
80 units/ml (80%)
14 sec
7.1 mm/sec
7.39mm/sec
100 units/ml (100%)
110mm
12 sec
9.2 mm/sec
8.42mm/sec

14. BAR GRAPH Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Enzyme Activity
H2O2
Depth
Your Data Time
Your Data Rate
Class Data Avg. Rate
0 units/ml (0%)
100mm
0.0sec
0 mm/sec
0.0mm/sec
20 units/ml (20%)
98mm
31 sec
3.2 mm/sec
2.98mm/sec
50 units/ml (50%)
103mm
18 sec
5.7 mm/sec
5.48mm/sec
80 units/ml (80%)
14 sec
7.1 mm/sec
7.39mm/sec
100 units/ml (100%)
110mm
12 sec
9.2 mm/sec
8.42mm/sec
Effect of Enzyme Activity on Enzyme Concentration

15. PIE
GRAPH

16. Kinds of Data
Quantitative Data
Experiments that result in counts, measurements, or numerical data
Data may be used to make a graph or table.
Qualitative Data
Observational data that is written descriptions or pictures of what scientists observe.
It is useful because some phenomena aren’t appropriate for quantitative research.

17. Microscopes
Microscopes enable biologists to observe cellular processes and to see details of cell structure.
2 important concepts of microscopes:
Magnification – to make an image appear larger
Resolution - shows details clearly
Light Microscopes
Use a beam of light passing through one or more lenses
Compound light microscopes use two sets of lenses
Use compound microscopes to study living or nonliving cells
As magnification increases the resolution decreases.

18. Electron Microscope
Use electrons instead of light
Can magnify more than light microscopes
Living cells cannot be viewed
2 Types of Electron Microscopes
1. Transmission Electron Microscope
Reveals its internal structures.

20. 2. Scanning Electron Microscope
See 3-D images of cell surfaces
Reveals surface structures.

22. Scanning Electron Microscope
Image Comparison
Compound
Scanning Electron Microscope
Transmission EM
Cyclotella 1000X
Cyclotella 1000X
Viruses
Bacteria 10,000X
Bacteria 1000X

23. Eyepiece or Ocular Lens
Rotating Nose Piece
Arm
Objectives
Stage Clips
Stage
Diaphragm
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Light
Fine Adjustment Knob
Base

24. How to Get an Image in Focus
Position slide on the stage so the image is centered
Turn nosepiece to the lowest objective
Turn the coarse adjustment knob to move stage all the way up
Turn the knob away until the image is in focus
Turn the fine adjustment knob to get a clearer and sharper image
Change to the medium objective
Only use the fine adjustment knob to bring the image into focus. Do not use the coarse knob.
Change to the high objective.
Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the image into focus.

25. Parfocal – once the image has been brought into focus on low power, the image will remain in focus no matter which objective you use.

26. Total Magnification
The eyepiece has a lens in it that magnifies 10X
The low power objective magnifies at 4X
The medium objective magnifies at 10X
The high objective magnifies at 40X
To find the total magnification you must multiply the eyepiece and the objective you are on:
Example: 10 X 4 = 40
10 X 10 = 100
10 X 40 = 400