1. A DAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN S UDAN S HARGAA H ALL 17/01/2010 Dr. Sumaya Ahmed Zakieldeen Assistant Professor, Institute of Environmental Studies zakields@yahoo.com

2. S OME F ACTS A BOUT C LIMATE CHANGE  Based on IPCC fourth assessment Report concluded that climate change is occurring now  Past emissions are estimated to involve some unavoidable warming even if atmospheric GHG concentrations remain at 2000 levels.  There are some impacts for which adaptation is the only available and appropriate response

3. C ON..  There are barriers, limits and costs for adaptation, but these are not fully understood.  Adaptation cost is time dependent ; acting now is more cost-effective and can minimize greater losses (social and economic) in future climate change

4. Adaptation Vulnerability Coping Capacity

5. A DAPTATION Is the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities

6. C OPING C APACITY The variation in climatic stimuli that a system can absorb without producing significant impacts.

7. V ULNERABILITY OF L EAST D EVELOPED C OUNTRIES (LDC S )

8. V ULNERABILITY OF S UDAN TO CLIMATE CHANGE Sudan is particularly concerned with impacts of climate change: the majority of its land is quite sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation. fragile ecosystems weak infrastructure and economy. food security is mainly determined by rainfall more than 70% of Sudan population is directly dependant on climate-sensitive resources for their livelihood.

9. E XTREME WEATHER AND CLIMATE EVENTS IN S UDAN - TYPES, FREQUENCY, SECTORS AFFECTED, AND IMPACT CATEGORIES NAPA 2007

10. Number of projects enabled Sudan to work on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation :  National communication/s (HCENR)  National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) (HCENR)  Assessment of impacts and adaptation to climate change (AIACC) (HCENR)  Community-based Adaptation in Africa (CBAA) (SECS)  Others IMPACTS, VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION

11. C ON.. The different projects used different approaches for analysis and assessment Top-down/bottom-up Synthesis of available information/consultation and participation of local communities Climate scenario Impacts models Mapping

12. F IRST N ATIONAL C OMMUNICATION Identified Vulnerable sectors these were: – Agricultural (rainfed) sector: Sorghum, millet and Gum Arabic – Water sector – Human health sector: malaria Findings of this project was used as base for the other studies www.unfccc.int

13. AIACC  One of the 24 regional studies of AIACC: Global Assessment of Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change in multiple regions and sectors  capacity building for research community and identification of adaptation options contribution to methodology development  Provided information for the IPCC 4 th assessment report which covered vulnerability and adaptation in the developing countries. http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/aiacc

14. L OCATIONS AIACC P ROJECT

15. NAPA The overall goal of the NAPA process in Sudan has been to identify urgent and immediate activities to address climate variability and climate change within the context of the country’s economic development priorities. Focused on three sectors planning, awareness, capacity building, identification of adaptation activities for implementation through LDCF. www.unfccc.int

16. NAPA

17. K EY NON - CLIMATIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE VULNERABILITY OF RURAL COMMUNITIES IN S UDAN Severe poverty levels Lack of income diversity Lack of agricultural inputs Mismanagement of resources Over-cultivation of land Fragile land or water resources Poor soil fertility Deforestation Conflict over natural resources Poor extension services Displacement of communities Poor sanitation or health services

18. T HE COMPONENTS OF THE NAPA : Programmes or projects (Pilot for the zones) addressing the urgent and immediate adaptation needs Recommendations for improving current policies to be more comprehensive and relevant to climate change Recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the institutional framework to integrate and implement the strategy Some projects out of the NAPA now are being implemented

19. T HE HIGHLY RANKED ADAPTATION PROJECTS IN S UDAN BASED ON REGION - SPECIFIC EVALUATION CRITERIA Ecological ZoneAdaptation option Desert Zone (River Nile State) Improving sustainable agricultural practices under increasing heat-stress in the River Nile State Semi desert Zone (North Kordofan State) Environmental conservation and biodiversity restoration in northern Kordofan State as a coping mechanism for rangeland protection under conditions of increasing climate variability Savannah on clayey soil (Gedarief State) Enhancing resilience to rainfall variability through rangeland rehabilitation and water harvesting in the Butana area of Gedarif State Savannah on sandy soil (South Darfour State) Reducing the vulnerability of communities in drought-prone areas of southern Darfur State through improved water harvesting practices Southern Sudan (Central Equatorial State) Strategies to adapt to drought -induced water shortages in highly vulnerable areas in Central Equatorial State

20. Examples of proposed activities in: Water sector - Introduction of new water harvesting/spreading techniques making use of intermediate technologies; -Construction of dams and water storage facilities in some of water valleys, particularly in western Sudan; Agricultural sector -Community-based forest and rangeland management and rehabilitation; -Drought early warning systems for disaster preparedness; Human sector Improve community sanitation and medical services, including capacities for diagnosis and treatment; Building of community awareness regarding preventative measures for malaria, meningitis, and leishmaniasis;

21. CBAA O BJECTIVES : Reduce the vulnerability and enhance the capacity to adapt to climate change of particularly vulnerable communities in 8 African countries. Enlarge the body of information on vulnerability and adaptation Strengthen existing networks to enhance understanding of climate adaptation needs of vulnerable communities. Develop a tested methodology for setting baseline, monitoring and evaluating changes in climate adaptation capacity.

22. C OMMUNITY - BASED A DAPTATION IN A FRICA (CBAA) gatekeeper 142 : November 2009: www.iied.org

23. A DAPTATION AND DEVELOPMENT To address climate change effectively and achieve sustainable development, there is need to do development differently. This requires not only doing development better, but also adapting development policies to take climate change into account. As a country we need to make sure that in our activities we incorporate climate change risks and opportunities into national strategies and plans Protection of existing development projects and programs and their beneficiaries from the impact of climate variability and change Additional cost

24. R OLES FOR DIFFERENT ACTORS Gapes in information and need for research (vulnerability assessment and adaptation) Awareness raising Political support Preparedness at National level to meet the anticipated (soon) climate change agreement

25. Thank you