1. Chapter 6 LEARNING Section 1: Classical Conditioning
HOLT Psychology
4/21/2017
Chapter 6 LEARNING
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Section 3: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Section 4: The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn
Chapter 6

2. Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Learning is achieved through experience and anything we are born knowing how to do is not a result of learning.
Take Grades
People are not born with instinctive attitudes regarding the letters used for grades, such as A and F. So why do most students like As and try to avoid Fs?
When they are associated with college, jobs, and participation in team sports, grades have meaning.

3. Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
A stimulus is something that produces a reaction, or a response, from a person or a animal.
Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning in which one stimulus (thought of food) comes to call forth the response (your mouth watering) usually called forth by another stimulus (the actual food)

4. Russian physiologist—Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Russian physiologist—Ivan Pavlov ( )
Discovered that dogs learn to associate one thing with another when food is involved.
He studied salivation in dogs.
He knew dogs would salivate if meat was placed on their tongues because saliva aids in the eating and digestion of the meat.
Meat = stimulus; saliva = response

5. Ivan Pavlov (continued)
Chapter 6
Ivan Pavlov (continued)
Pavlov discovered dogs did not always wait until they had received meat to start salivating.
The clinking of food trays started the process. Also when Pavlov’s assistants entered the laboratory they would salivate.

6. Ivan Pavlov (continued)
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov (continued)
If the dogs could learn to salivate in response to the clinking of food trays because this clinking was associated with the bringing of meat, could they learn to salivate in response to any stimulus that signaled meat?
His prediction—Yes, it could.
The stimulus he chose was the ringing of a bell.
Half a second after the bell rang, meat powder was placed on the dogs tongue. As expected the dogs salivated in response to the meat powder.
Pavlov repeated this process several times.
Then he changed the procedure
He rang the bell but did not give them the meat powder. They still salivated.
They had learned to salivate in response to the bell alone.

7. Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
IMPORTANT TERMS
Terms that are important in understanding classical conditioning:
Unconditioned stimulus (US) – a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned
Unconditioned response (UR) – the response that is automatic, not learned

8. Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
IMPORTANT TERMS (continued)
Conditioned Response (CR) – a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response

9. The bell became a conditioned stimulus. (CS)
Chapter 6
The dog’s salivation in response to the bell was a conditioned response. (CR)
Before the bell was associated with meat, the bell would have not caused the dog to salivate.
The bell became a conditioned stimulus. (CS)

10. Taste Aversions—a learned avoidance of a particular food.
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Taste Aversions
Taste Aversions—a learned avoidance of a particular food.
Have you every eaten a food that made you ill perhaps because it was spoiled?
Did you stay away from that food for a long time? You developed a taste aversion

11. Dan ate a half gallon of ice cream at one time.
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Example
Dan ate a half gallon of ice cream at one time.
As a result, even the thought of ice cream served as a conditioned stimulus (CS) that made him feel nauseated (CR).

12. Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Extinction
Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer causes the conditioned response (CR) to occur.

13. Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
Spontaneous Recovery—organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier
Pavlov’s dogs responded to the bell even after the previous behavior had been extinguished.

14. Generalization and Discrimination
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Generalization and Discrimination
Generalization is the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar, even if the stimuli are not identical.
A child may be bit by her neighbor’s dog therefore the child stays away from all dogs.

15. Generalization and Discrimination
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Generalization and Discrimination
Discrimination is the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other.
The child continues to play with her stuffed animals, even the ones that look like dogs.

16. Conditioned Emotional Response (CER):
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER):
Watson demonstrated how emotions can be classically conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus (NS).
John B. Watson

17. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner Created a Fear of Rats (a CER) in Little Albert

18. Applications of Classical Conditioning
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Applications of Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning can help people overcome their fears of various objects and situations.

19. Flooding and Systematic Desensitization
Chapter 6
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Flooding and Systematic Desensitization
Two methods for reducing such fears are based on the principle of extinction.
Flooding—a person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to the stimulus are extinguished. (effective – but unpleasant)
Systematic desensitization—people are taught relaxation techniques.

20. They learn from the consequences of their actions.
Chapter 6
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning—people and animals learn to do certain things and not do others because of the results of what they do.
They learn from the consequences of their actions.

21. Chapter 6 Reinforcement
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Reinforcement—is the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again.
In operant conditioning, it matters little why the person or animal makes the first response that is reinforced.

22. Reinforcers can be primary or secondary
Chapter 6
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Types of Reinforcers
The stimulus that encourages a behavior to occur again is called a reinforcer
Reinforcers can be primary or secondary
Reinforcers can also be positive and negative

23. Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Chapter 6
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Primary reinforcer—function due to the biological makeup of the organism
Food, water, and adequate warmth are all primary reinforcer.
People and animals do not need to be taught to value food, water and warmth.
The value of secondary reinforcer must be learned.
Money, attention, and social approval are all usually secondary reinforcer.

24. Positive and Negative Reinforcers
Chapter 6
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Positive and Negative Reinforcers
Positive reinforcers-increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied.
Food, fun activities and social approval are usually examples.
Positive reinforcement—a behavior is reinforced because a person receives something he or she wants following the behavior.

25. Positive and Negative Reinforcers
Chapter 6
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Positive and Negative Reinforcers
Negative reinforces—a behavior is reinforced because something unwanted stops happening or is removed following the behavior.
Negative reinforcers increase the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed.