1. Contrasting modes of inheritance (A) sexual and (B) asexual
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

2. Biogeo4e-Fig jpg
(A) Hennig’s depiction of the demarcation between three relationships. (B) Placement of species in the delineation between tokogenetic and phylogenetic relationships. (C) A species derived from hybridization

3. (A) Hennig’s depiction of the demarcation between three relationships.
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

4. (B) Placement of species in the delineation between tokogenetic and phylogenetic relationships.
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

5. (C) A species derived from hybridization, Rana esculenta
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg
R. lessonae X R. ridibunda
=R. esculenta

7. Representative species concepts summarized according to their utility
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

8. Beak depth in populations of Darwin’s finches on different islands of the Galápagos
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

10. Speciation as an extended process of splitting of one ancestral lineage into two distinct evolutionary lineages
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

11. Speciation Mechanisms of Genetic Differentiation Mutation
Genetic Drift
Bottleneck
Founder Effect
Natural Selection
Gene Flow

12. Biogeo4e-Fig jpg
Geographic variation in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, is indicated by the subdivision of the species into 50 formally recognized subspecies

13. Distribution of karyotypic races of burrowing rodents in the Palestine mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi species complex
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

14. Morphological differentiation of the yarrow, Achillea millefolium, along an elevational gradient, common garden experiment
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

15. Biogeo4e-Fig jpg
Divergence of populations of the monarch flycatcher on the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea, founder effect

16. Divergence of populations of the monarch flycatcher on the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea (Part 1)
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

17. Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

19. Typical dorsal pelage color variation across the geographic distributions of the rock pocket mouse, Chaetodipus intermedius
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

20. An example of a latitudinal cline in clutch size in breeding birds
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

21. An illustration of the process of allopatric speciation mode I, and resulting phylogenetic patterns
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

22. Molecular phylogeny for subfamilies of the anuran family Ranidae
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg
Molecular phylogeny for subfamilies of the anuran family Ranidae

23. Illustration allopatric speciation mode II, and resulting phylogenetic patterns
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

24. Proposed phylogeographic history of Galápagos tortoises on the larger islands
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg
Number=order of colonization
Solid line=natural dashed line=human?

25. Adaptive radiation in Galápagos finches based on mitochondrial DNA analysis
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

26. Adaptive radiation in Galápagos finches based on mitochondrial DNA analysis (Part 2)
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

27. Adaptive radiation in Galápagos finches based on mitochondrial DNA analysis (Part 1)
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

28. Illustration of sympatric and parapatric speciation
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

31. Biogeo4e-Fig jpg
Variety of head shapes, mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi

32. Variety of head shapes, mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

33. Variety of head shapes, mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

34. Variety of head shapes, mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

35. Variety of head shapes, mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

36. Biogeo4e-Table jpg

37. Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

38. Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

39. Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

40. Ranges of different chromosomal forms of the morabine grasshopper (Vandiemenella spp.) in southern Australia
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

41. 1)
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

42. Ranges of different chromosomal forms of the morabine grasshopper (Vandiemenella spp.) in southern Australia
Biogeo4e-Fig R.jpg

43. Figure Regional-scale (A) and local-scale (B) distribution of two species of Plethodon salamanders
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

45. Regional-scale (A) and local-scale (B) distribution of two species of Plethodon salamanders
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

46. Proposed model of radiation of Lake Malawi cichlids
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

47. Biogeo4e-Fig jpg
Variety of beak shapes resulting from adaptive radiation of a selection of the diverse Hawaiian honeycreepers

48. Adaptive radiation in the phlox family, showing diversity of flower form reflecting different modes of pollination
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

49. Model showing how estimated time to extinction depends on equilibrial population size, (K), and the ratio of birth rate (b) to death rate (d)
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

50. A summary of Holocene extinctions of pikas in the Great Basin, USA
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

51. Biogeo4e-Table jpg

52. Reconstructions of the ancient seabed in southern China (A) before and (B) after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

53. “Punctuated” equilibrium in the evolution of fossil mollusks in Lake Turkana Basin in eastern Africa
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

55. Extinction Episodes—Families of Marine Animals
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

56. Diversity Through Time

58. Extinction episodes—marine animals

59. Figure Reconstructions of the ancient seabed in southern China (A) before and (B) after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

60. The Late Cretaceous Extinctions
No vertebrate larger than 23 kg (50 lbs) survived the Cretaceous
Collision Theory
Meteor impact
Iridium and shocked quartz
(Adapted from Fox.)

61. Extinction Episodes—Tetrapods
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

63. Relationship between mode of larval dispersal, extent of geographic range, and survival time in the fossil record of Late Cretaceous mollusks on the east coast of North America
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

64. The relatively gradual radiation of angiosperms as illustrated by changing composition of fossil floras representing past communities
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg

65. The “replacement,” over a 600 million year period, of brachiopods by clams
Biogeo4e-Fig jpg