1. Human Regulation Nervous System Endocrine System Video

2. Nervous System Central Nervous System 1. Brain 2. Medulla Oblongata 3. Spinal Cord

3. Organs and Functions The Brain The control center of the body

4. Parts of the Brain Thalamus – Thalamus – Center of the senses. Means bedroom/chamber in Greek

5. Parts of the Brain Hypothalamus – Controls temperature, hunger, and emotions Hypothalamus – Controls temperature, hunger, and emotions

6. Parts of the Brain Cerebrum – Cerebrum – Largest part of the brain Largest part of the brain Center of thinking, memory, voluntary activity, language Center of thinking, memory, voluntary activity, language

7. Parts of the Brain Cerebellum Cerebellum Muscle control Muscle control Balance Balance

8. Medulla Oblongata Center of involuntary actions Breathing Breathing Heartbeat Heartbeat Peristalsis Peristalsis

9. Spinal Cord A tubular mass of nerves; Relays impulses to and from the brain. A tubular mass of nerves; Relays impulses to and from the brain.

10. Peripheral Nervous System Carries impulses to and from the CNS. Consists of nerves in the arms, legs, and organs around the CNS. Consists of nerves in the arms, legs, and organs around the CNS.

11. 2 Divisions of PNS (Add at the bottom of your notes) SomaticAutonomic Functions Voluntary Control InvoluntaryControl OrgansAffectedSkeletalMuscleHeart Blood Vessels Digestive Tract ETC…

12. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Sympathetic – Activates the “Fight or Flight” response. Sympathetic – Activates the “Fight or Flight” response. Parasympathetic – The “Rest and Digest” system. Counteracts the Sympathetic response. Parasympathetic – The “Rest and Digest” system. Counteracts the Sympathetic response.

13. The Neuron Nerve Cells - The functional unit of the nervous system.

14. Neural Structure Nucleus Dendrites Axon Myelin Sheath Nodes Terminal Ends Cell Body Synapse

16. The Nerve Response Stimuli – A change in the environment; loud noise, ∆ temp. Receptors – Receive messages; sense organs

17. The Nerve Response Sensory Neuron – Nerve cells in a sense organ that receives a stimulus. Interneuron – Transmits impulses b/t sensory and motor neurons

18. The Nerve Response Motor Neuron – Carries impulses from the CNS to the rest of the body Effector – Organ or part of the body that reacts to the impulse and has a reflex

19. Reflex Pathway Stimulus Receptor Sensory Neuron Interneuro n

20. Motor Neuron Effector

21. Nervous System Disorders Alzheimer’s Disease: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that occurs in the brain and often results in the following: impaired memory, thinking, and behavior impaired memory, thinking, and behavior confusion confusion restlessness restlessness personality and behavior changes personality and behavior changes impaired judgment impaired judgment impaired communication impaired communication inability to follow directions inability to follow directions language deterioration language deterioration impaired visuospatial skills impaired visuospatial skills emotional apathy emotional apathy

22. Nervous System Disorders Bell’s Palsy: A specific cause of Bell's palsy is unknown, however, it has been suggested that the disorder may be inherited. It also may be associated with the following: diabetes diabetes high blood pressure high blood pressure trauma trauma toxins toxins Lyme disease Lyme disease infection infection Symptoms of Bell’s Palsy: Loss of feeling in the face; headache; tearing; drooling; loss of the sense of taste on the front two-thirds of the tongue; hypersensitivity to sound in the affected ear; inability to close the eye on the affected side of the face

23. Nervous System Disorders Multiple Sclerosis: There are many possible causes of MS, including: viruses viruses environmental factors environmental factors genetic factors genetic factors immune system factors immune system factors Symptoms: blurred or double vision red-green color distortion pain and loss of vision due to optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve difficulty walking paresthesia (abnormal sensation, or pain, such as numbness, prickling, or "pins and needles")

24. Nervous System Disorders Epilepsy and Seizures: Causes include: in newborns and infants: in newborns and infants: birth trauma birth trauma congenital (present at birth) problems congenital (present at birth) problems fever fever metabolic or chemical imbalances in the body metabolic or chemical imbalances in the body in children, adolescents, and adults: in children, adolescents, and adults: alcohol or drugs alcohol or drugs head trauma head trauma infection infection unknown reasons unknown reasons Other possible causes: brain tumor brain tumor neurological problems neurological problems drug withdrawal drug withdrawal medications medications

25. Symptoms of Epilepsy or Seizures staring staring jerking movements of the arms and legs jerking movements of the arms and legs stiffening of the body stiffening of the body loss of consciousness loss of consciousness breathing problems or breathing stops breathing problems or breathing stops loss of bowel or bladder control loss of bowel or bladder control falling suddenly for no apparent reason falling suddenly for no apparent reason not responding to noise or words for brief periods not responding to noise or words for brief periods appearing confused or in a haze appearing confused or in a haze sleepiness and irritable upon waking in the morning sleepiness and irritable upon waking in the morning nodding the head nodding the head periods of rapid eye blinking and staring periods of rapid eye blinking and staring

26. Other Neurological Diseases Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease Meningitis Meningitis Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy Stroke Stroke Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Etc…. Etc….

27. The Human Endocrine System Chemical Regulation Hormone Video Hormone Video

28. Importance The human endocrine system is responsible for chemical regulation regulation in the body.

29. Components Hormones – Chemical messengers secreted by glands. (ex: adrenaline) Hormones – Chemical messengers secreted by glands. (ex: adrenaline) Glands – release hormones into the blood Glands – release hormones into the blood

30. Components Target Cells – Cells that have receptor sites for specific hormones. Target Cells – Cells that have receptor sites for specific hormones. T E

31. 1.Hypothalamus 2.Pituitary 3.Pineal 4.Thyroid 5.Parathyroid 6.Thymus

32. 7. Adrenal 8. Pancreas 9. Testes Ovaries

33. Glands, Functions, & Disorders Gland Hormone & Fxn Pituitary – Located in the base of the brain Growth Hormone – Bone formation TSH - Stimulates thyroid FSH – Stimulates ovaries

34. Gland Hormone & Fxn Thyroid – Located in the neck Thyroxin – Regulates the rate of metabolism Parathyroid Located on the thyroid gland Parathormone – Metabolism of Calcium; Normal nerve and muscle function

35. Gland Hormone & Fxn Thymus - Located in the upper chest Thymosin – Stimulates lymphocyte production

36. Gland Hormone & Fxn Islets of Langerhans Located in the pancreas Insulin – stimulates glucose storage Glucagon – Releases stored glucose from the liver.

37. Gland Hormone & Fxn Adrenal - Located on the top of the kidneys Adrenaline – Increases heart rate and breathing during fight or flight. Cortisol – regulates nutrient metabolism and balances adrenaline

38. Gland Hormone & Fxn Ovaries - Located in the lower abdomen of females Progesterone – Stimulates secondary sex characteristics in females. Estrogen – Secondary sex characteristics and maintenance of fat & bone strength

39. Gland Hormone & Fxn Testes – Located in the scrotum of males Testosterone – Stimulates secondary sex characteristics and sperm production

40. Endocrine Disorders Pituitary – Giantism/ Pituitary – Giantism/Dwarfism

41. Endocrine Disorders Thyroid – Hypothyroidism: Mental retardation, small size Hypothyroidism: Mental retardation, small size Hyperthyroidism: Nervous, rapid weight loss, goiter, bulging eyes Hyperthyroidism: Nervous, rapid weight loss, goiter, bulging eyes

43. Endocrine Disorders Parathyroid – Nerve disorders Nerve disorders Brittle bones Brittle bones Clotting problems Clotting problems

44. Endocrine Disorders Islets of Langerhans – Diabetes I – “Juvenile diabetes” – Lack or absence of insulin; Increases blood sugar Diabetes I – “Juvenile diabetes” – Lack or absence of insulin; Increases blood sugar

45. Endocrine Disorders Islets of Langerhans – Diabetes II – “Hyperglycemia” – high blood sugar; sometimes brought on by obesity Diabetes II – “Hyperglycemia” – high blood sugar; sometimes brought on by obesity

47. Endocrine Disorders Adrenal Glands – Cushing's Disease – Excessive levels of Cortisol Cushing's Disease – Excessive levels of Cortisol Addison’s Disease – Low Cortisol production Addison’s Disease – Low Cortisol production

48. The secretion of hormones by the endocrine glands is regulated by Negative Feedback. Feedback. The level of one hormone stimulates or inhibits the level of another hormone. Ex: a thermostat thermostat in a house Feedback Mechanisms