1. Elements, Atoms, Ions
The Elements

2. What elements do you think are most abundant in human body?
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium

3. Do you know chemical formulas for any compounds?
NaCl
???

4. What do you know about the atom?
What are electrons?
What are protons?
What are neutrons?

5. The Periodic Table What does “Periodic” mean
What does the periodic table tell us?

6. Name an element that is normally a liquid, one that is normally a solid and one that is normally a gas
Liquid: Mercury, Bromine
Solid: Sulfur, Carbon, Iron, Copper ….
Gas: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Helium …

7. Elements Earth – about 88 elements occur naturally
These elements combine to form all of the compounds on our planet
Known elements (including man-made) number around 115 (scientists always working on producing more)
Chemists use standard names and symbols for elements. You will need to learn to write and recognize the most common.

8. You will be responsible for knowing names and symbols of the following:
Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Lithium (Li) Hydrogen (H) Calcium (Ca) Carbon (C) Sodium (Na) Boron (B) Potassium (K) Magnesium (Mg) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Bromine (Br) Chlorine (Cl) Phosphorus (P) Manganese (Mn) Barium (Ba) Platinum (Pt) Fluorine (F) Gold (Au) Silver (Ag) Zinc (Zn) Lead (Pb) Iodine (I) Helium (He) Neon (Ne) Copper (Cu) Mercury (Hg)

9. What do we mean by “Element”?
Microscopic form – single atom of an element, e.g. H, C, F, W
Microscopic form – molecule made up of atoms of one element (H2, O2, S8)
Macroscopic form - Sample of element large enough to weigh
Generic form – referring to the atoms of element in various forms and combinations (e.g. the human body contains a lot of the element Oxygen)

10. John Dalton – early 1800s

11. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms
All atoms of a given element are identical
The atoms of a given element are different form those of any other element
Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms
Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes. They are not created or destroyed in a chemical process. A chemical reaction simply changes the way atoms are grouped together.

12. Law of Constant Composition
A given compound always contains the same proportions of the elements. It doesn’t matter where the sample of the compound comes from.
Water always contains 8g of Oxygen for every 1g of Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide always contains 2.7g for every 1g of Carbon
Dalton’s atomic theory helped explain the law of constant composition
A pair of elements could combine in more than one way NO
NO2
N2O

13. Formulas of Compound
A compound is substance that is composed of the atoms or two or more elements.
A compound always contains same relative numbers of atoms of each element (e.g. water always has 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen)
Chemical formulas – atoms are indicated by the element symbols; number of each atom is indicated by a subscript – a number that appears to the right of and below the symbol for the element
NH3 H2O2 CH4 C6H12O6
When only one element in the compound, you don’t write the 1 as a subscript

14. Try to write some chemical formulas
A compound with 2 Nitrogens and 5 Oxygens
A compound with 3 Carbons and 8 Hydrogens
N2O5
C3H8

15. Write the chemical formula for the following compounds:
A molecule that contains four phosphorous atoms and ten oxygen atoms
A molecule that contains one uranium atom and six fluorine atoms
A compound that contains one aluminum atom for every three chlorine atoms
P4O10
UF6
AlCl3