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What’s happening here? Figure 46.2 Asexual reproduction of a sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima).
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fission Figure 46.2 Asexual reproduction of a sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima).
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Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction
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How can each of these slugs be both male and female?
Figure 46.1 How can each of these sea slugs be both male and female?
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Create a graphic organizer including sexual vs. asexual reproduction
Word bank: binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogensis, external fertilization, internal fertilization © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Video: Hydra Budding © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Pros Cons
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Sexual con: half the number of daughters per mom
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Female Generation 1 Female Figure 46.3 The “reproductive handicap” of sex.
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Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Female Generation 1 Female
Figure Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Female Generation 1 Female Generation 2 Male Figure 46.3 The “reproductive handicap” of sex.
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Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Female Generation 1 Female
Figure Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Female Generation 1 Female Generation 2 Male Generation 3 Figure 46.3 The “reproductive handicap” of sex.
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Reproductive handicap of sex
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Female Generation 1 Female Generation 2 Male Generation 3 Figure 46.3 The “reproductive handicap” of sex. Generation 4
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Ovulation, courtship, and reproduction are coordinated with resources, but resources can be disrupted. Figure 46.4 Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) mother and calf.
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Asexual whiptail lizards are descended from a sexual species, and females still exhibit male mating behaviors (a) A. uniparens females Ovary size Ovulation Ovulation Progesterone Estradiol Hormone level Figure 46.5 Sexual behavior in parthenogenetic lizards. Time Behavior Female Male- like Female Male- like (b) The sexual behavior of A. uniparens is correlated with the cycle of ovulation.
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parthenogenesis in aphids
Animal homosexuality Gender change in fish
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Video: Hydra Releasing Sperm
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Initiated external fertilization.
Figure 46.6 External fertilization.
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External fertilization Internal fertilization Pros Cons
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Parental care: Surinam toad mom mouth-brooding cichlids
Figure 46.7 Parental care in an invertebrate.
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At what are we looking? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 19
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A cloaca of a red-tailed hawk
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Gender-specific reproductive anatomy
Accessory gland Ovary Testis Oviduct Spermatheca Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Seminal vesicle Uterus Accessory gland Penis and claspers Vulva Figure 46.8 Insect reproductive anatomy. (a) Male fruit fly (b) Female fruit fly
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Animation: Female Reproductive Anatomy Right-click slide / select “Play”
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora
Figure 46.10 Oviduct Ovary Uterus (Urinary bladder) (Pubic bone) (Rectum) Urethra Cervix Body Vagina Glans Clitoris Prepuce Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora Vaginal opening Oviduct Ovaries Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human female. Follicles Corpus luteum Uterus Uterine wall Endometrium Cervix Vagina
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Mammary Glands The mammary glands are not part of the reproductive system but are important to mammalian reproduction Within the glands, small sacs of epithelial tissue secrete milk animation © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Male Reproductive Anatomy
The male’s external reproductive organs are the scrotum and penis Internal organs are the gonads, which produce sperm and hormones, and accessory glands Most mammals have a baculum (penile bone) Raccoon’s baculum © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Animation: Male Reproductive Anatomy Right-click slide / select “Play”
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
Figure 46.11 Seminal vesicle (behind bladder) (Urinary bladder) Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethra Erectile tissue of penis Scrotum Vas deferens Epididymis Testis (Urinary bladder) Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct) Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human male. (Rectum) (Pubic bone) Vas deferens Erectile tissue Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Urethra Penis Bulbourethral gland Vas deferens Glans Epididymis Testis Prepuce Scrotum
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Accessory Glands Semen is composed of sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands The two seminal vesicles contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen The prostate gland secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts The bulbourethral glands secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis, the development of sperm, is continuous and prolific (millions of sperm are produced per day; each sperm takes about 7 weeks to develop Oogenesis, the development of a mature egg, is a prolonged process Immature eggs form in the female embryo but do not complete their development until years or decades later © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis in three ways
All four products of meiosis develop into sperm while only one of the four becomes an egg Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood Sperm are produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions in oogenesis © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Cross section of seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte
Figure 46.12aa Epididymis Seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell nucleus Spermato- gonium Primary spermatocyte Testis Cross section of seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte Spermatids (two stages) Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Sperm cell Lumen of seminiferous tubule
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Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions
Figure 46.12ab Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions Spermatogonial stem cell 2n Mitotic divisions Spermatogonium 2n Mitotic divisions Primary spermatocyte 2n Meiosis I Secondary spermatocyte n n Meiosis II Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Early spermatid n n n n Differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients) Sperm cell n n n n
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Neck Tail Midpiece Head Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Mitochondria
Figure 46.12ac Neck Tail Midpiece Head Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Mitochondria
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Figure 46.12 Exploring: Human Gametogenesis
Figure 46.12b Primary oocyte within follicle Ovary Growing follicle Primordial germ cell In embryo Mitotic divisions 2n Oogonium Mitotic divisions Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I Mature follicle 2n Ruptured follicle Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II First polar body n n Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II Ovulated secondary oocyte Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Ovulation, sperm entry Completion of meiosis II Second polar body Corpus luteum n Fertilized egg n Degenerating corpus luteum
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Concept 46.4: The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates mammalian reproduction
Human reproduction is coordinated by hormones from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus and directs the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary FSH and LH regulate processes in the gonads and the production of sex hormones © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive Cycles
In females, the secretion of hormones and the reproductive events they regulate are cyclic Prior to ovulation, the endometrium thickens with blood vessels in preparation for embryo implantation If an embryo does not implant in the endometrium, the endometrium is shed in a process called menstruation © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Hormones closely link the two cycles of female reproduction
Changes in the uterus define the menstrual cycle (also called the uterine cycle) Changes in the ovaries define the ovarian cycle © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Degenerating corpus luteum
Figure 46.13 (a) Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone Hypothalamus Stimulated by high levels of estradiol 1 GnRH Anterior pituitary Inhibited by low levels of estradiol 2 FSH LH (b) Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH FSH 3 FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow LH surge triggers ovulation (c) Ovarian cycle 7 8 Growing follicle Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Maturing follicle Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4 (d) Ovarian hormones in blood Peak causes LH surge (see ) 5 6 Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female. 10 Estradiol 9 Progesterone Estradiol level very low Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium (e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle Endometrium Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
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The Ovarian Cycle The sequential release of GnRH then FSH and LH stimulates follicle growth Follicle growth and an increase in the hormone estradiol characterize the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle The follicular phase ends at ovulation, and the secondary oocyte is released © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Animation: Ovulation Right-click slide / select “Play”
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Animation: Post Ovulation Right-click slide / select “Play”
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The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Hormones coordinate the uterine cycle with the ovarian cycle Thickening of the endometrium during the proliferative phase coordinates with the follicular phase Secretion of nutrients during the secretory phase coordinates with the luteal phase Shedding of the endometrium during the menstrual flow phase coordinates with the growth of new ovarian follicles © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Menstrual Versus Estrous Cycles
Menstrual cycles are characteristic only of humans and some other primates The endometrium is shed from the uterus in a bleeding called menstruation Sexual receptivity is not limited to a time frame © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System
FSH promotes the activity of Sertoli cells, which nourish developing sperm LH regulates Leydig cells, which secrete testosterone and other androgens, which in turn promote spermatogenesis © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Animation: Male Hormones Right-click slide / select “Play”
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior pituitary FSH LH Negative feedback
Figure 46.14 Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior pituitary FSH LH Negative feedback Negative feedback Sertoli cells Leydig cells Figure Hormonal control of the testes. Inhibin Spermatogenesis Testosterone Testis
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Testosterone regulates the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH through negative feedback mechanisms
Sertoli cells secrete the hormone inhibin, which reduces FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Human Sexual Response Two reactions predominate in both sexes
Vasocongestion, the filling of tissue with blood Myotonia, increased muscle tension The sexual response cycle has four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution Excitement prepares the penis and vagina for coitus (sexual intercourse) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events.
3 Cleavage 4 Cleavage continues Ovary 2 Fertilization Uterus 5 Implantation 1 Ovulation Endometrium (a) From ovulation to implantation Figure Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events. Endometrium Inner cell mass Cavity Blastocyst Trophoblast (b) Implantation of blastocyst
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During its first 2 to 4 weeks, the embryo obtains nutrients directly from the endometrium
Meanwhile, the outer layer of the blastocyst, called the trophoblast, mingles with the endometrium and eventually forms the placenta Blood from the embryo travels to the placenta through arteries of the umbilical cord and returns via the umbilical vein © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Maternal portion of placenta
Figure 46.16 Maternal arteries Maternal veins Placenta Umbilical cord Maternal portion of placenta Chorionic villus, containing fetal capillaries Fetal portion of placenta (chorion) Maternal blood pool Figure Placental circulation. Uterus Fetal arteriole Fetal venule Umbilical arteries Umbilical cord Umbilical vein
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The first trimester is the main period of organogenesis, development of the body organs
All the major structures are present by 8 weeks, and the embryo is called a fetus © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 46.17a Figure Human fetal development. (a) 5 weeks
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Figure 46.17b Figure Human fetal development. (b) 14 weeks
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Figure 46.17c Figure Human fetal development. (c) 20 weeks
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from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary
Figure 46.18 Estradiol Oxytocin from ovaries from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary Activates oxytocin receptors on uterus Stimulates uterus to contract Positive feedback Stimulates placenta to make Prostaglandins Figure Positive feedback in labor. Stimulate more contractions of uterus
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LABOR, STAGE 1 Placenta Umbilical cord Uterus Cervix 1
Figure The three stages of labor. 1 Dilation of the cervix
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Expulsion: delivery of the infant
Figure 46.19b Figure The three stages of labor. 2 Expulsion: delivery of the infant
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Delivery of the placenta
Figure 46.19c Uterus Placenta (detaching) Umbilical cord Figure The three stages of labor. 3 Delivery of the placenta
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Yayyyyyyyy!
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Production of primary oocytes
Figure 46.20 Male Female Method Event Event Method Production of sperm Production of primary oocytes Vasectomy Combination birth control pill (or injection, patch, or vaginal ring) Sperm transport down male duct system Oocyte development and ovulation Abstinence Abstinence Condom Female condom Coitus interruptus (very high failure rate) Sperm deposited in vagina Capture of the oocyte by the oviduct Tubal ligation Spermicides; diaphragm; progestin alone (as minipill or injection) Sperm movement through female reproductive tract Transport of oocyte in oviduct Figure Mechanisms of several contraceptive methods. Meeting of sperm and oocyte in oviduct Morning-after pill; intrauterine device (IUD) Union of sperm and egg Implantation of blastocyst in endometrium
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Treating Infertility Modern technology can provide infertile couples with assisted reproductive technologies In vitro fertilization (IVF) mixes eggs with sperm in culture dishes and returns the embryo to the uterus at the 8-cell stage video Sperm are injected directly into an egg in a type of IVF called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Video: Ultrasound of Human Fetus 1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Video: Ultrasound of Human Fetus 2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Secondary spermatocytes Secondary oocyte
SUMMARY FIGURE Human gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Primary spermatocyte Primary oocyte 2n 2n n Polar body Secondary spermatocytes Secondary oocyte n n n n n n n Spermatids Sperm n n n n Figure 46.UN01 Summary figure, Concept 46.3 n Polar body n Fertilized egg
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Figure 46.UN02 Figure 46.UN02 Appendix A: answer to Test Your Understanding, question 9
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Reproduction Questions (answer in outline form using books, after you have watched a video or two presented by Meaghan) Explain the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. Create a table of the role of the parts of the male and female reproductive anatomy Explain how hormones regulate the female reproductive cycle. Same thing, but for boys Create a flow chart of the course of conception to birth.
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