1. Students
Test – Thursday
Transport – Friday
AP Commitment forms – to me or Guidance
AP checks – to me

2. Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
What are the 2 ways that animals reproduce?
Asexual – mitosis – same genes as parent
Fission – separation of a parent into 2 or individuals of the same size
Budding – individuals split as an outgrowth from an existing one
Some cnidarians
Fragmentation – breaking of the body into several pieces followed by
regeneration
Sponges, cnidarians, tunicates
Sexual – fusion of haploid gametes
Motile sperm swims to non-motile egg
Increases genetic variability
What are the 2 types of sexual reproduction?
External – eggs shed by female & fertilized by male in wet environment
Courtship behaviors involved
Pheromones used
Internal - sperm deposited in or near female reproductive tract
& fertilized within female
Fewer zygotes but more parental care
Embryo develops in reproductive tract

3. Figure 46.5 External fertilization
Eggs

4. Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
What are the 2 ways that animals reproduce?
What are the 2 types of sexual reproduction?
External – eggs shed by female & fertilized by male in wet environment
Courtship behaviors involved
Pheromones used
Internal - sperm deposited in or near female reproductive tract
& fertilized within female
Fewer zygotes but more parental care
Embryo develops in reproductive tract
What is parthenogenesis?
Process in which an egg develops without fertilization
Produces haploid adults that produce eggs without meiosis
Daphnia (water flea), bees (male drones), wasps, ants

5. Figure 46.3 Sexual behavior in parthenogenetic lizards
Time
Ovary size
Hormones
Behavior
Ovulation
Progesterone
Estrogen
Female- like
Male- like
(a) Both lizards in this photograph are C. uniparens females. The one on top is playing the role of a male. Every two or three weeks during the breeding season, individuals switch sex roles.
(b) The sexual behavior of C. uniparens is correlated with the cycle of ovulation mediated by sex hormones. As blood levels of estrogen rise, the ovaries grow, and the lizard behaves like a female. After ovulation, the estrogen level drops abruptly, and the progesterone level rises; these hormone levels correlate with male behavior.

6. Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
What are the 2 ways that animals reproduce?
What are the 2 types of sexual reproduction?
What is parthenogenesis?
What does the male reproductive tract look like?

7. Figure 46.10 Reproductive anatomy of the human male
Seminal vesicle
(Rectum)
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
(Urinary
bladder)
(Pubic bone)
Erectile
tissue of
penis
Urethra
Glans penis
Prepuce
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
External – scrotum & penis
Internal – gonads produce sperm & hormones
- testes – packed with highly coiled seminiferous tubules
- accessory glands that help sperm movement
- seminal vesicles
- bulbourethral glands
- prostate gland

8. 5. Where do the sperm travel during ejaculation?
Erectile tissue
of penis
Prostate gland
(Urinary bladder)
Bulbourethral gland
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Seminal
vesicle
(behind
bladder)
Urethra
Scrotum
Glans penis
5. Where do the sperm travel during ejaculation?
Propelled from epididymis  vas deferens  ejaculatory duct
6. How many sperm are released during ejaculation?
2 – 5 mL of semen per ejaculation
x 50 – 130 million sperm per mL
100 – 650 million sperm per ejaculation

9. What happens after ejaculation?
Prostaglandins in semen thin mucus as the opening of the uterus & stimulate uterine contractions which help semen move up uterus
Semen (slightly alkaline) neutralizes vagina (slightly acidic)
Protects sperm & increases motility
Initially sperm are coagulated & become liquified so sperm can swim
How does viagra work?
Promotes the action of nitric oxide (NO) which enhances relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels of penis so blood can enter erectile tissue
9. What does the female reproductive anatomy look like?

10. Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female
Glans
(Rectum)
Cervix
Vagina
Bartholin’s gland
Vaginal opening
Ovary
Oviduct
Labia majora
Labia minora
(Urinary bladder)
(Pubic bone)
Uterus
Urethra
Shaft
Prepuce
Clitoris
External – clitoris & 2 sets of labia which surround the clitoris & vaginal opening
Internal – pair of gonads (ovaries) with ducts & chambers for gametes & fetus

11. Ovaries – contain many follicles Follicle – all formed before birth
Vagina
Uterus
Cervix
Ovaries
Oviduct
Uterine wall
Endometrium
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Ovaries – contain many follicles
Follicle – all formed before birth
egg cell surrounded by follicle cells which nourish & protect the egg
produce estrogens
Endometrium – inner lining of uterus
After ovulation, “egg” falls down the oviduct into uterus

12. What happens after ejaculation?
Prostaglandins in semen thin mucus as the opening of the uterus & stimulate uterine contractions which help semen move up uterus
Semen (slightly alkaline) neutralizes vagina (slightly acidic)
Protects sperm & increases motility
Initially sperm are coagulated & become liquified so sperm can swim
How does viagra work?
Promotes the action of nitric oxide (NO) which enhances relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels of penis so blood can enter erectile tissue
What does the female reproductive anatomy look like?
How are “eggs” made?
- Oogenesis

13. Figure 46.11 Human Oogenesis
Ovary
Primary germ cell in embryo
Differentiation
Oogonium
in ovary
Mitotic
division
Primary oocyte,
arrested in prophase
of meiosis I
(present at birth)
Completion of meiosis I
and onset of meiosis II
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
Secondary oocyte,
arrested at meta-
phase of meiosis II
First
polar
body
Ovulation
Entry of
sperm triggers
completion of
meiosis II
Ovum
Growing
Mature follicle
Ruptured
Ovulated
secondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Degenerating
corpus luteum 2n n
Follicles grow in response to FSH completing
meiosis I & stopping at metaphase II
Smaller polar body is discarded
Secondary oocyte is ovulated…NOT AN EGG
Meiosis is completed IF 2° oocyte is fertilized
After ovulation, remaining tissue reorganizes to
form the corpus luteum
Second
polar
body

14. What happens after ejaculation?
Prostaglandins in semen thin mucus as the opening of the uterus & stimulate uterine contractions which help semen move up uterus
Semen (slightly alkaline) neutralizes vagina (slightly acidic)
Protects sperm & increases motility
Initially sperm are coagulated & become liquified so sperm can swim
How does viagra work?
Promotes the action of nitric oxide (NO) which enhances relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels of penis so blood can enter erectile tissue
What does the female reproductive anatomy look like?
How are “eggs” made?
Oogenesis
11. How are sperm made?
Spermatogenesis

15. Figure 46.12 Human Spermatogenesis
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubule
Testis
Cross section
of seminiferous
tubule
Sertoli cell
nucleus
Lumen of
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
(in prophase of meiosis I)
Secondary spermatocyte
Early
spermatids
Spermatids
(at two stages of
differentiation)
Differentiation
(Sertoli cells provide
nutrients)
Meiosis II
Meiosis I completed
Mitotic division,
producing large numbers
of spermatogonia
Sperm cells
Acrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Neck
Tail
Plasma membrane
Head
Midpiece 2n n
Differentiation and
Onset of meiosis I
- Seminiferous tubules – produce sperm
Leydig cells – secrete testosterone &
other androgens
Sertoli cells – provide nutrition for
spermatids so they can mature
Takes 65 – 75 days to make sperm
20 days to travel epididymis where
they mature & are stored

16. What happens after ejaculation?
Prostaglandins in semen thin mucus as the opening of the uterus & stimulate uterine contractions which help semen move up uterus
Semen (slightly alkaline) neutralizes vagina (slightly acidic)
Protects sperm & increases motility
Initially sperm are coagulated & become liquified so sperm can swim
How does viagra work?
Promotes the action of nitric oxide (NO) which enhances relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels of penis so blood can enter erectile tissue
What does the female reproductive anatomy look like?
How are “eggs” made?
Oogenesis
11. How are sperm made?
Spermatogenesis
What are the differences between spermatogenesis & oogenesis?
Unequal cytokinesis in oogenesis produces 1 haploid ovum (& 2 polar bodies) & not 4 haploid sperm
Spermatogenesis mitosis occurs throughout life but ovary has all its follicles at birth
Oogenesis has long resting periods but spermatogenesis is uninterrupted & continuous
13. How do hormones control the menstrual cycle?

17. Figure 46.13 The reproductive cycle of the human female
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of
estrogen and progesterone
Stimulated by high levels
of estrogen
Inhibited by low levels of
estrogen
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
GnRH
FSH LH
Pituitary gonadotropins
in blood
FSH and LH stimulate
follicle to grow
LH surge triggers
ovulation
Ovarian cycle
Growing follicle
Mature
follicle
Corpus
luteum
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Estrogen secreted
by growing follicle in
increasing amounts
Progesterone and
estrogen secreted
by corpus luteum
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Ovulation
Ovarian hormones
Peak causes
LH surge
Estrogen
Progesterone
Estrogen level
very low
Progesterone and estro-
gen promote thickening
of endometrium
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
Menstrual flow phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
Days 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) 3 6 7 8 4 2 9
GnRH – Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
- hypothalamus
- stimulates release of FSH & LH
by anterior pituitary
FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- follicle grows & expresses LH receptors
LH - Lutenizing Hormone
- triggers ovulation (1 day after LH peak)
- stimulates formation of corpus luteum
Estrogen – produced by growing follicle
- stimulates GnRH release which triggers
more LH & FSH
- estrogen peak causes LH peak
Progesterone – from corpus luteum
- maintains thick endometrium in
preparation for embryo implant
If pregnancy does not occur the endometrium is
shed….menstruation.
Menopause – cessation of ovulation & menstru-
ation because ovaries lose responsive-
ness to LH & FSH & estrogen decreases

18. What happens after ejaculation?
How does viagra work?
What does the female reproductive anatomy look like?
How are “eggs” made?
11. How are sperm made?
What are the differences between spermatogenesis & oogenesis?
How do hormones control the menstrual cycle?
How do hormones control the male reproductive system?
- GnRH, FSH, & LH

19. Figure 46.14 Hormonal control of the testes
Stimuli from other
areas in the brain
Hypothalamus
GnRH from the
hypothalamus reg-
ulates FSH and LH
release from the
anterior pituitary.
FSH acts on the
Sertoli cells of the
seminiferous
tubules, promoting
spermatogenesis.
LH stimulates the
Leydig cells to make
testosterone, which
in turn stimulates
sperm production.
Anterior
pituitary
Negative
feedback
Leydig cells
make
testosterone
Primary and
secondary sex
characteristics
Sertoli cells
Spermatogenesis
Testis

20. What happens after ejaculation? How does viagra work?
What does the female reproductive anatomy look like?
How are “eggs” made?
11. How are sperm made?
What are the differences between spermatogenesis & oogenesis?
How do hormones control the menstrual cycle?
How do hormones control the male reproductive system?
- GnRH, FSH, & LH
What is detected in pregnancy tests?
HCG – human chorionic gonadotropin
Mimics LH which keeps corpus luteum secreting estrogen & progesterone
Endometrium stays thick
What happens after fertilization?

21. Fig 46.15 Formation of the zygote and early post-fertilization events
Ovary
Uterus
Endometrium
From ovulation to implantation
Inner cell mass
Cavity
Blastocyst
Trophoblast
Ovulation releases a
secondary oocyte, which
enters the oviduct. 1
The blastocyst implants
in the endometrium
about 7 days after conception. 5
Cleavage continues.
By the time the embryo
reaches the uterus,
it is a ball of cells.
It floats in the uterus for
several days, nourished by
endometrial secretions. It
becomes a blastocyst. 4
Fertilization occurs. A sperm
enters the oocyte; meiosis of
the oocyte finishes; and the
nuclei of the ovum and sperm
fuse, producing a zygote. 2
Cleavage (cell division)
begins in the oviduct
as the embryo is moved
toward the uterus
by peristalsis and the
movements of cilia. 3
(a)
Implantation of blastocyst
(b)
Inner cell mass – develops into embryo & extra-embryonic membranes
Trophoblast – outer layer of blastocyst that grows out & mingles with endometrium &
helps form the placenta
Placenta – disk shaped organ containing embryonic & maternal blood vessels

22. Figure 46.16 Placental circulation
Umbilical cord
Chorionic villus
containing fetal
capillaries
Maternal blood
pools
Uterus
Fetal arteriole
Fetal venule
Maternal portion
of placenta
Fetal portion of
placenta (chorion)
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
Maternal
arteries
veins
As placenta forms, HCG levels decline & placenta secretes its own progesterone
Fetal nutrients gained from maternal blood pools….no mixing of blood.

23. What happens after ejaculation? How does viagra work?
What does the female reproductive anatomy look like?
How are “eggs” made?
11. How are sperm made?
What are the differences between spermatogenesis & oogenesis?
How do hormones control the menstrual cycle?
How do hormones control the male reproductive system?
- GnRH, FSH, & LH
What is detected in pregnancy tests?
HCG – human chorionic gonadotropin
Mimics LH which keeps corpus luteum secreting estrogen & progesterone
Endometrium stays thick
What happens after fertilization?
How do hormones regulate parturition, aka child birth?

24. Figure 46.18 A model for the induction of labor
Estrogen
Oxytocin
from
ovaries
from fetus
and mother's
posterior pituitary
Induces oxytocin
receptors on uterus
Stimulates uterus
to contract
Stimulates
placenta to make
Prostaglandins
Stimulate more
contractions
of uterus
Positive feedback

25. Figure 46.19 The three stages of labor
Placenta
Umbilical
cord
Uterus
Cervix
Dilation of the cervix
Expulsion: delivery of the infant
(detaching)
Delivery of the placenta 1 2 3

26. What happens after ejaculation? How does viagra work?
What does the female reproductive anatomy look like?
How are “eggs” made?
11. How are sperm made?
What are the differences between spermatogenesis & oogenesis?
How do hormones control the menstrual cycle?
How do hormones control the male reproductive system?
- GnRH, FSH, & LH
What is detected in pregnancy tests?
HCG – human chorionic gonadotropin
Mimics LH which keeps corpus luteum secreting estrogen & progesterone
Endometrium stays thick
What happens after fertilization?
How do hormones regulate parturition, aka child birth?
How does contraception work?

27. Figure 46.20 Mechanisms of some contraceptive methods
Male
Female
Method
Event
Production of
viable sperm
viable oocytes
Vasectomy
Combination
birth control
pill (or injection,
patch, or
vaginal ring)
Sperm transport
down male
duct system
Ovulation
Abstinence
Condom
Coitus
interruptus
(very high
failure rate)
Sperm
deposited
in vagina
Capture of the
oocyte by the
oviduct
Tubal ligation
Spermicides;
diaphragm;
cervical cap;
progestin alone
(minipill, implant,
or injection)
movement
through
female
reproductive
tract
Transport
of oocyte in
Meeting of sperm and oocyte
in oviduct
Morning-after
pill (MAP)
Union of sperm and egg
Implantation of blastocyst
in properly prepared
endometrium
Birth
Progestin alone
Birth control pills – estrogen & progesterone combo
- prevents ovulation by decreasing the release
of GnRH which inhibits FSH & LH
Morning after pill – higher doses of estrogen & progesterone
- prevents fertilization or implantation