1. Reproduction

2. Asexual Reproduction Without fusion of gametes Types:
Fission – splitting into two
Budding – new org grows off of another org
Fragmentation – new org develops from piece of other org (accompanied by regeneration)
Parthenogenesis – org develops from unfertilized egg (all offspring female)

3. Hermaphrodites Produce both egg and sperm
Primarily organisms that are sessile, burrow or are parasites
May self fertilize, most cross fertilize
Some species have sequential hermaphrodism

4. Fertilization Union of egg and sperm May be:
External: eggs released into wet environment then male fertilizes
Internal: sperm is deposited in or near female reproductive tract
Adaptation of terrestrial animals
Pheromones – chemical signals released by organisms that influence other members of same species

5. Male Reproductive System
Seminal vesicle
(Rectum)
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
(Urinary
bladder)
(Pubic bone)
Erectile
tissue of
penis
Urethra
Glans penis
Prepuce
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Male Reproductive System
Figure 46.10
Erectile tissue
of penis
Prostate gland
(Urinary bladder)
Bulbourethral gland
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Seminal
vesicle
(behind
bladder)
Urethra
Scrotum
Glans penis
Seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells
Baculum

6. Female Reproductive System
Vagina
Uterus
Cervix
Ovaries
Oviduct
Uterine wall
Endometrium
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Prepuce
(Rectum)
Cervix
Vagina
Bartholin’s gland
Vaginal opening
Ovary
Oviduct
Labia majora
Labia minora
(Urinary bladder)
(Pubic bone)
Uterus
Urethra
Shaft
Glans
Clitoris
Figure 46.9

7. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Follicle
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
Oviduct
Uterus
Endometrium
Cervix
Vagina
Vulva
Labia majora/labia minora
clitoris

8. Male Reproductive System
Testis
Epididymis
Scrotum
Vas deferenes
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis

9. Primary germ cell in embryo
Gametogenesis
Ovary
Primary germ cell in embryo
Differentiation
Oogonium
in ovary
Mitotic
division
Primary oocyte,
arrested in prophase
of meiosis I
(present at birth)
Completion of meiosis I
and onset of meiosis II
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
Secondary oocyte,
arrested at meta-
phase of meiosis II
First
polar
body
Ovulation
Entry of
sperm triggers
completion of
meiosis II
Ovum
Growing
Mature follicle
Ruptured
Ovulated
secondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Degenerating
corpus luteum 2n n
Figure 46.11
Spermatogenesis
Continuous & prolific
Occurs in seminiferous tubules
million sperm cells/ ejaculation
Oogenesis
Unequal cytokinesis
Polar bodies degenerate
Not throughout lifetime
Lone resting periods

10. Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Humans & primates
If fertilization doesn’t occur: endometrium is shed (menstration)
Copulate through cycle
Cycle is days (ideally 28)
Ovulation occurs after endometrium thickens to allow implantation

11. Ovarian & Uterine Cycle
Figure 46.13a–e
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of
estrogen and progesterone
Stimulated by high levels
of estrogen
Inhibited by low levels of
estrogen
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
GnRH
FSH LH
Pituitary gonadotropins
in blood
FSH and LH stimulate
follicle to grow
LH surge triggers
ovulation
Ovarian cycle
Growing follicle
Mature
follicle
Corpus
luteum
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Estrogen secreted
by growing follicle in
increasing amounts
Progesterone and
estrogen secreted
by corpus luteum
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Ovulation
Ovarian hormones
Peak causes
LH surge
Estrogen
Progesterone
Estrogen level
very low
Progesterone and estro-
gen promote thickening
of endometrium
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
Menstrual flow phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
Days 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) 3 6 7 8 4 2 9
Ovarian & Uterine Cycle

12. Menopause Cessation of ovulation & menstruation
Occurs after about 450 cycles (46-54)

13. Conception, Development & Birth
Conception = fertilization
Sperm is released into the vagina & swim through the uterus into fallopian tubes.
Sperm attaches to binding site around the egg.
Sperm and Egg unite to form zygote.
Zygote enters mitoses inside the fallopian tube then travels toward the uterus while dividing to form a morula.
Morula develops into a Blastocyst which will implant into the uterine wall.

14. First Trimester (~13 Weeks)
Trophoblast  placenta
Organogenesis
Heart beating – 4 wks
All major structures of adult – 8 wks
Heart beat by stethescope – end of first trimester
Embryo  8 wks
5cm long
Changes in mom too

15. Second Trimester (~14 Weeks)
Fetus grows to 30 cm
Fetus is active
Mom is showing

16. Third Trimester (~13 Weeks)
Fetus grows to 3-4kg & 50 cm long
Fetal activity decreases due to space restraints
Mom’s organs are compressed and displaced
Frequent urination, constipation, back aches

17. Labor & Birth Oxytocin Stages of Labor Lactation Figure 46.19 Placenta
Umbilical
cord
Uterus
Cervix
Dilation of the cervix
Expulsion: delivery of the infant
(detaching)
Delivery of the placenta 1 2 3
Labor & Birth
Oxytocin
Stages of Labor
Lactation

18. Modern Reproductive Technology
Fetal testing
Congenetial disorders
Aminocentesis
Chorionic villi sampling
Ultrasound
Ethics? To terminate pregnancy
Infertility
Hormone therapy
IUI (Intrauterine Insemination)
IVF (In vitro fertilization)
ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)
GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)
$1,000s/attempt

19. Figure 46.20 Male Female Method Event Production of viable sperm
viable oocytes
Vasectomy
Combination
birth control
pill (or injection,
patch, or
vaginal ring)
Sperm transport
down male
duct system
Ovulation
Abstinence
Condom
Coitus
interruptus
(very high
failure rate)
Sperm
deposited
in vagina
Capture of the
oocyte by the
oviduct
Tubal ligation
Spermicides;
diaphragm;
cervical cap;
progestin alone
(minipill, implant,
or injection)
movement
through
female
reproductive
tract
Transport
of oocyte in
Meeting of sperm and oocyte
in oviduct
Morning-after
pill (MAP)
Union of sperm and egg
Implantation of blastocyst
in properly prepared
endometrium
Birth
Progestin alone

20. Early Development

21. Early Development 3 Stages of Early Development: Implantation
Gastrulation
Neurulation

22. 1. Implantation

23. 1. Implantation
~Day 6 or 7
Blastocyst attaches itself to wall of uterus. (Embryo secretes enzymes that digest a path into soft tissue of uterine wall)

24. 1. Implantation ~Day 6 or 7 Blastocyst goes through differentiation
Blastocyst attaches itself to wall of uterus. (Embryo secretes enzymes that digest a path into soft tissue of uterine wall)
Blastocyst goes through differentiation
Inner cell mass develops within inner cavity of blastocyst. (This is where the embryo will develop)

25. 2. Gastrulation

26. 2. Gastrulation
Inner cell mass of blastocyst will gradually sort into 2 thin layers.

27. 2. Gastrulation
Inner cell mass of blastocyst will gradually sort into 2 thin layers.
Third layer is produced through cell migration known as gastrulation.

28. 2. Gastrulation
Inner cell mass of blastocyst will gradually sort into 2 thin layers.
Third layer is produced through cell migration known as gastrulation.
The result?

29. 2. Gastrulation
Inner cell mass of blastocyst will gradually sort into 2 thin layers.
Third layer is produced through cell migration known as gastrulation.
The result? Primary germ layers

30. Primary germ layers 3 cell layers:
Ectoderm – Develops into skin and nervous system.
Mesoderm – Cells differentiate to form many of the body’s internal tissues and organs.
Endoderm – Forms lining of Digestive System and many of Digestive Organs

31. 3. Neurulation

32. 3. Neurulation
Development of the nervous system.

33. From fertilization to baby

34. From fertilization to baby
Morula
A fertilized egg divides to form a ball of cells called a morula. This reaches the uterus a few days after fertilization, moved along by cilia, hairlike structures in the lining of the fallopian tube. The early embryo then embeds itself in the uterine lining.

35. From fertilization to baby
Fetus at 10 weeks
By this time, the embryo’s cells have developed and grouped together to form tissues and organs. Most organs are formed by eight weeks, and the embryo is now called a fetus. At 10 weeks, the fetus is 2 inches (5cm) long and has facial features and limbs.

36. From fertilization to baby
Fetus at 18 weeks
At about this time, the mother may start to feel the baby move. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta. This pad of tissue attached to the wall of the uterus supplies nutrients to the fetus and removes waste.

37. From fertilization to baby
Fetus at 30 weeks
The baby is growing fast now and maturing in preparation for its journey into the outside world. Ultrasound scanning is often used during pregnancy to check fetal health.

38. From fertilization to baby
Newborn baby
Once delivered, the baby starts breathing. The umbilical cord is clamped shut and cut, and the baby is then immediately given to the mother to nurse. The remaining stump of umbilical cord falls off a few days later, leaving the umbilicus (belly button).

39. Growing up: @ 12 months – grasp objects with hands
@ 18 months – drinking from a cup
@ 2 years – Eat with fork and spoon
@ 3 years – Eat with knife and fork
@ 4 years – Brushing their own teeth
@ 5 years – Ready for school

40. Puberty:
Occurs between ages of in girls & between ages in boys.
Hormonal changes promote rapid growth, changes in body shape, and development of the reproductive organs.
Girls – menstrual cycle begins (eggs are inside girls from birth)
Boys – testes start to produce sperm