2. Lesson 2 How can you develop good digestive health? Care and Problems of the Digestive System Taking care of your digestive system begins with the choices you make about which foods to eat and how you eat them.

3. Lesson 2 Examine the effects of health behaviors on the digestive system. Identify and describe problems of the digestive system. Analyze the relationship between health promotion and disease prevention. In this lesson, you’ll learn to: Lesson Objectives

4. Lesson 2 Follow a well-balanced diet that is low in fat and high in fiber. Wash your hands before preparing a meal and before eating. Eat slowly and chew your food thoroughly. Drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day Avoid using food as a way of dealing with your emotions. Health Behaviors and the Digestive System Ways to Maintain a Healthy Digestive System

5. Lesson 2 Functional Problems of the Digestive System Problems of the Digestive System Indigestion HeartburnGas Constipation Nausea Diarrhea

6. Lesson 2 IndigestionIndigestion can be caused from eating too much food, eating too quickly, and eating foods that are spicy or high in fat. Indigestion Problems of the Digestive System This feeling of fullness can sometimes be accompanied by gas and nausea. Stomach disorders and stress can contribute to indigestion.

7. Lesson 2 Heartburn Heartburn results from acid reflux, or the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, which causes a burning sensation. Problems of the Digestive System Heartburn can also be a symptom of a hiatal hernia.hiatal hernia Frequent or prolonged heartburn can be an indication of more serious digestive disorders.

8. Lesson 2 Gas Excessive gas can result in cramps or an uncomfortable feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Problems of the Digestive System Most foods that contain carbohydrates or complex sugars can cause gas. Fats and proteins produce less gas than carbohydrates.

9. Lesson 2 Constipation Problems of the Digestive System It can be caused by not drinking enough water or consuming enough fiber to move wastes through the digestive system. Following a diet of fruits and vegetables, drinking at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day, and getting regular physical activity are the best ways to avoid constipation. Laxative drugs may be used to treat constipation but can cause diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and gas. Constipation is a condition in which feces become dry and hard and bowel movements are difficult.

10. Lesson 2 Nausea Problems of the Digestive System Nausea is the feeling of discomfort that sometimes precedes vomiting. Motion sickness, pathogens, some medications, and dehydration can cause nausea. Vomiting is a reflex in which the contents of the stomach are brought back up the esophagus and out of the mouth.

11. Lesson 2 Diarrhea Diarrhea is the frequent passage of watery feces that results when digested food passes too quickly through the large intestine. Problems of the Digestive System Diarrhea may result from changes in eating style, overeating, emotional turmoil, or nutritional deficiencies. To avoid dehydration during an episode of diarrhea, drink plenty of water and other fluids. Medical attention should be sought if diarrhea persists for more than 48 hours.

12. Lesson 2 Structural Problems of the Digestive System Problems of the Digestive System Gallstones Appendicitis Gastritis Lactose intolerance Peptic ulcer Cirrhosis Crohn’s disease Colon cancer Colitis Hemorrhoids Tooth decay

13. Lesson 2 Gallstones Problems of the Digestive System Gallstones are formed when cholesterol in bile crystallizes and blocks the bile duct between the small intestine and the gallbladder. Symptoms include pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Treatment includes taking medication that dissolves the stones or having the stones broken down by high-intensity ultrasound waves.

14. Lesson 2 Appendicitis Problems of the Digestive System AppendicitisAppendicitis is caused if bacteria or other foreign matter block the appendix and prevent the release of its secretions. Symptoms of appendicitis include pain in the lower right portion of the abdomen, fever, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, and tenderness in the area of the appendix. Treatment involves surgical removal of the appendix.

15. Lesson 2 Gastritis Gastritis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the stomach. Symptoms of gastritis include pain, indigestion, decreased appetite, and nausea and vomiting. Treatment includes avoiding irritants and taking medications or antibiotics to eliminate infection. Problems of the Digestive System

16. Lesson 2 Lactose Intolerance Lactose intolerance involves insufficient production of lactase, so undigested lactose remains in the small intestine. Bacteria in the digestive tract ferment ingested lactose, which leads to abdominal cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. People who are lactose intolerant should choose alternate sources of calcium, such as fortified soymilk. Problems of the Digestive System

17. Lesson 2 Peptic Ulcer Peptic ulcersPeptic ulcers can be caused by regular use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and by a bacterial infection caused by Helicobacter pylori. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that worsens when the stomach is empty. Treatment includes medications that neutralize acid or eliminate infection and avoiding irritants such as aspirin, cigarette smoke, and alcohol. Problems of the Digestive System

18. Lesson 2 Cirrhosis Destruction of liver tissue, usually caused by prolonged and heavy alcohol use, results in cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver tissue. Alcohol interferes with the liver’s ability to break down fats. Liver tissue is destroyed and replaced with useless scar tissue, preventing normal liver function. Cirrhosis can lead to liver failure and may cause death unless a liver transplant is performed. Problems of the Digestive System

19. Lesson 2 Crohn’s Disease Crohn’s disease causes inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract. Although no cause has yet been discovered, the disease seems to be associated with problems in the immune system. Symptoms include diarrhea, weight loss, fever, and abdominal pain. Problems of the Digestive System

20. Lesson 2 Colon Cancer This cancer usually develops in the lowest part of the colon, near the rectum. As the cancer grows larger, it either blocks the colon or causes bleeding, often during elimination. Seeking early medical help greatly increases a person’s chance of survival. Problems of the Digestive System

21. Lesson 2 Colitis Colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine or colon. It may be caused by bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which can contain blood. Problems of the Digestive System

22. Lesson 2 Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids are veins in the rectum and anus that are swollen as a result of increased pressure. Signs of hemorrhoids include itching, pain, and bleeding. Regular physical activity and a diet high in fiber can help prevent hemorrhoids. Problems of the Digestive System

23. Lesson 2 Tooth Decay Teeth are very important to the digestive process. Brushing and flossing teeth daily is the best way to prevent tooth decay and to keep your teeth healthy. Problems of the Digestive System

24. Lesson 2 Choose the appropriate option. Q. A feeling of discomfort in the upper abdomen is a result of ________________. 1.indigestion 2.hiatal hernia 3.constipation 4. heartburn Quick Review

25. Lesson 2 Click Next to attempt another question. A. A feeling of discomfort in the upper abdomen is a result of indigestion. Quick Review - Answer

26. Lesson 2 Choose the appropriate option. 1.constipation 2.appendicitis 3.hiatal hernia 4. gastritis Q. A condition in which part of the stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm is called ____________. Quick Review

27. Lesson 2 Click Next to attempt another question. A. A condition in which part of the stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm is called hiatal hernia. Quick Review - Answer

28. Lesson 2 Provide a short answer to the question given below. Q. List three behaviors that help prevent digestive system problems. Click Next to view the answer. Quick Review

29. Lesson 2 A. Health behaviors that help prevent digestive system problems: Follow a well-balanced diet. Wash your hands before preparing a meal and before eating. Eat slowly and chew your food thoroughly. Drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day. Avoid using food as a way of dealing with your emotions. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

30. Lesson 2 Provide a suitable analysis. Why are early detection and treatment of digestive system disorders important? Quick Review

31. Lesson 2 Indigestion can be caused from eating too much food, eating too quickly, and eating foods that are spicy or high in fat. Indigestion Problems of the Digestive System This feeling of fullness can sometimes be accompanied by gas and nausea. Stomach disorders and stress can contribute to indigestion. Indigestion is a feeling of discomfort in the upper abdomen.

32. Lesson 2 Heartburn can also be a symptom of a hiatal hernia.hiatal hernia Frequent or prolonged heartburn can be an indication of more serious digestive disorders. Heartburn Heartburn results from acid reflux, or the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, which causes a burning sensation. Problems of the Digestive System Heartburn is a burning sensation in the center of the chest that may rise from the bottom, or tip, of the breastbone up to the throat.

33. Lesson 2 Heartburn can also be a symptom of a hiatal hernia.hiatal hernia Frequent or prolonged heartburn can be an indication of more serious digestive disorders. Heartburn Heartburn results from acid reflux, or the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, which causes a burning sensation. Problems of the Digestive System Hiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm.

34. Lesson 2 AppendicitisAppendicitis is caused if bacteria or other foreign matter block the appendix and prevent the release of its secretions. Symptoms of appendicitis include pain in the lower right portion of the abdomen, fever, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, and tenderness in the area of the appendix. Treatment involves surgical removal of the appendix. Appendicitis Problems of the Digestive System The inflammation of the appendix is called appendicitis.

35. Lesson 2 Peptic ulcersPeptic ulcers can be caused by regular use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and by a bacterial infection caused by Helicobacter pylori. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that worsens when the stomach is empty. Treatment includes medications that neutralize acid or eliminate infection and avoiding irritants such as aspirin, cigarette smoke, and alcohol. Peptic Ulcer Problems of the Digestive System A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the digestive tract.

36. Lesson 2 A. Correct! A feeling of discomfort in the upper abdomen is a result of indigestion. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

37. Lesson 2 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer

38. Lesson 2 A. Correct! A condition in which part of the stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm is called hiatal hernia. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

39. Lesson 2 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer