1. Chapter 29 Shaken to The Roots 1965–1980

2. “They asked if I’d fight for my country. I answered the FBI yeah,
I will point a gun for my country,
But I won’t guarantee you which way.”
Woody Guthrie
Source:  Pete Seeger -- an original verse, sung to Acres of Clams
"We are all capable of believing things which we know to be untrue, and then, when we are finally proved wrong, impudently twisting the facts so as to show that we were right. Intellectually, it is possible to carry on this process for an indefinite time: the only check on it is that sooner or later a false belief bumps up against solid reality, usually on a battlefield."  George Orwell [1946 essay "In Front of Your Nose."]
"I don¹t see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist.” Henry Kissinger [about Chile’s election of Salvadore Allende]

3. Concepts NIMBYs William Julius Wilson 1978 Bakke
California’s Proposition 13 in 1978
Roe v. Wade in 1973
Anastasio Somoza, Sandinistas
1980 Olympic Games boycott / Afghanistan
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi [Shah]
Marielitos
October surprise? 1980
Noam Chomsky
Kern Council for Civic Unity, BC’s Duane Belcher Ad-Hoc BCSD
HEW Hearing, 1974 – Bakersfield City School District
Minority Coalition, 1970s Kern County
CSNY – Chicago and Ohio [songs]
Angela Davis, George Jackson [“Soledad Brother”]

4. Bibliography
William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions [1980]
Gary Sick, October Surprise [1991]
Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President [1995]
Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class [1989]

5. Key Questions [Not on Exam 4]
How did the national consensus of the 1950s and early1960s unravel?
What challenges did American cities face in the late 1960s and 1970s?
Why did America’s view of the war in Vietnam change in 1968?
What was the legacy of Richard Nixon’s presidency?
How was Jimmy Carter’s idealism a frustration to his success as president?

6. Chronology
1973 Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion / national gov't [Sp. Ct.] forces all states to allow abortions
Arab embargo sparks oil crisis in the US
Construction of Alaska oil pipeline begins
1974 Richard Nixon resigns presidency; Gerald Ford
President Ford pardons Nixon and introduces anti-inflation program
Community Development Act funds programs for urban improvement
Coalition of Labor Union Women formed
1975 Unemployment rate reaches nearly 9 percent
South Vietnamese government falls Anti-busing protests break out in Boston
New York City government declares itself bankrupt

7. 1976. Percentage of African Americans attending college peaks at 9. 3
1976 Percentage of African Americans attending college peaks at 9.3 percent and begins a decline
Hyde Amendment restricts use of Medicare funds for abortions
Tom Wolfe declares "the Me Decade"
Jimmy Carter is elected president
1977 President Carter announces human rights as major tenet in foreign policy
Stagflation-- unemployment and inflation
Depart. of Energy is established
1978 Bakke v. University of California new limits on affirmative action Senator Edward Kennedy calls attention to "a permanent underclass"
Panama Canal Treaties arrange for turning the canal over to Panama by 2000
Camp David meeting terms for Middle East Peace
California passes Proposition 13, cutting property taxes and government social programs
Inflation reaches 10 percent

8. 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident threatens a meltdown
Moral Majority is formed
SALT II treaty is signed in Vienna but later stalls in the Senate
Nicaragua Revolution [Sandinistas] overthrows Anastasio Somoza
Iranian fundamentalists seize the U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold hostages 444 days
Soviets invade Afghanistan
Equal Rights Amendment, three states short of ratification, gets a three-year extension but eventually dies anyway
1980 United States boycotts Olympic Games in Moscow due to Afghanistan

15. Kent State
The shootings at Kent State University in May 1970 reflected the deep divisions in American society created by the Vietnam War, including those between antiwar college students and young people serving in the armed forces. © John Paul Filo/Hutton/Archive

16. Antiwar Protests
Antiwar protests were simultaneously symbolic and disruptive. Some activists dumped jars of animal blood over draft-board records. Others tried to block munitions trains. In October 1967, a hundred thousand people marched on the Pentagon and surrounded it with the light of burning draft cards. Some in front stuck flowers in the rifle barrels of the soldiers ringing the building; others kicked and spat. The troops and police cleared the grounds with tear gas and clubs. Corbis–Bettman

17. Peace sign
A hippie gestures the peace sign while standing in a meadow. Getty Images, Inc.–Taxi

18. Joan Baez and Bob Dylan
At the Newport (Rhode Island) Jazz Festival in 1963, Joan Baez and Bob Dylan performed as folksingers who worked in the tradition of protest songs. Two years later in Newport, Dylan shocked the popular music world by replacing his acoustic instrument with an amplified guitar and backup and jump-starting a fruitful blending of folk, country, and rock music into radical new sounds. AP/Wide World Photos

19. Black Panther Party
Some members of the Black Panther party raised funds to pay for the legal fees of those arrested and charged with various offenses, such as Bobby Seale and Ericka Huggins. The Panthers advocated a radical economic, social, and educational agenda that made the group the target of a determined campaign of suppression by the police and the FBI. Magnum Photos Inc.

20. MLK
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Corbis/Bettmann

21. Nixon and Elvis
This is the single most requested item in the National Archives which contain, among other national treasures, originals of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. President Nixon and Elvis Presley met at the singer’s request. He had volunteered to work in the administration’s anti-drug crusade. The president, looking for a way to reach out to young people, readily agreed. He appointed Presley a “deputy” in the anti-drug war. Presley was, at the time, addicted to a variety of uppers, downers, and other medications. [Photograph is in the public domain and available at the National Archives]

22. Kim Phuc, napalm victim, Viet Nam
This Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of 9-year-old Kim Phuc , center, running after an aerial napalm attack on her village in 1972 was taken by Associated Press photographer Nick Ut (Cong Ut). Kim suffered burns over 65% of her body. She survived and is now a peace activist. AP/Wide World Photos

23. Civilian Causalities in Vietnam
A South Vietnamese farmer grieves over the bodies of his wife and son lying in a mud paddy after stepping on a land mine in the Tay Ninh Province.

24. Nixon's Cabinet
President Richard Nixon confers with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, John Ehrlichman, and Harry Haldeman in the Oval Office.

25. Securing Deo Mang Pass
U.S. Army troops from the 2nd Battalion, 502nd Infantry, 101st Airborne Division move away from a landing zone along a dirt road while securing Deo Mang Pass in 1965.

26. The Inauguration of Richard Nixon
Richard and Pat Nixon stand before a crowd during the presidential inauguration ceremonies on January 20, 1969.

27. Vietnam
An American soldier struggles through the thick jungle of the central highlands of Vietnam during a search-and-destroy mission.

28. Arthur Ashe
While African American athletes in boxing, football, baseball, and basketball were common in the early 1970s, Arthur Ashe was one of the few African American tennis stars and a frequent champion.

29. Environmental worries, 1973
Sign on bridge near PPG plant near Ponce, Puerto Rico, protests air pollution.

30. President Nixon meets with China's Communist Party Leader, Mao Tse-Tung in 1971
President Richard Nixon visited The People's Republic of China in 1971, forever ending the ''sterile pretense that Communist China did not exist.''

31. Rand, West Virginia, 1973
President Johnson's ''War on Poverty'' could not bring hope to all Americans. In Rand, W.Va., most of the inhabitants were still living in abject poverty in the 1970s.

32. Voter registration drive, Chicago, 1973
African-Americans register to vote, while attending Black Expo, Chicago's annual exhibit of African-American talent, education, products and other aspects of black consciousness aimed to make blacks aware of both their heritage and capabilities.

33. Map 29-1  The War in Vietnam
The United States attacked North Vietnam with air strikes but confined large-scale ground operations to South Vietnam and Cambodia. In South Vietnam, U.S. forces faced both North Vietnamese army units and Viet Cong rebels, all of whom received supplies by way of the so-called Ho Chi Minh Trail, named for the leader of North Vietnam. The coordinated attacks on cities and towns throughout South Vietnam during the Tet Offensive in 1968 surprised the United States.

34. The End of Consensus Deeper into Vietnam Voices of Dissent
Search and Destroy
Voices of Dissent
Noam Chomsky
Jane Fonda and Tom Hayden
Selective Service System

35. New Left and Community Activism
Students for a Democratic Society [SDS]
Port Huron Statement, Tom Hayden
Free Speech Movement [FSM], Mario Savio
Model Cities Program
Kern Council for Civic Unity, BC’s Duane Belcher, HEW Hearing, 1974 – Bakersfield City School District
Minority Coalition, 1970s Kern County
The Feminist Critique

36. Youth Culture and Counterculture Rock lyrics Sounds of Change
Timothy Leary, Aldous Huxley
Rock lyrics
Sounds of Change
Bob Dylan, Beatles, Jefferson Airplane, Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, Doors
Jimi Hendrix, Beach Boys [1963 BC]
Crosby/Stills/Nash/Young – Chicago, Ohio
Communes and Cults
Jim Jones in Guayana

37. Cities Under Stress Diagnosing an Urban Crisis Racial Rioting
Minority Separatism
Black Power
Nation of Islam, Malcolm X
Black Panthers, Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale
George Jackson, Angela Davis
American Indian Movement [AIM], Dennis Banks, Russell Means
Suburban Independence: The Outer City
Baker v. Carr, 1962
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 1971

38. The Year of the Gun The Tet Offensive, January 1968 LBJ’s Exit
Red Spring
1968
Violence and Politics
Martin Luther King Jr. killed April 4, 1968
Robert F. Kennedy, June 1968 in LA
Yippies
Chicago Democratic National Convention, 1968

39. Nixon and Watergate Getting Out of Vietnam, 1969-1973
Nixon Doctrine
Herb Klein, San Diego Union, Press Secretary
Nixon and the Wider World
SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Détente
Negative Income Tax
Courting Middle America
New Federalism

40. Oil, OPEC, and Stagflation Americans as Environmentalists
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies [OPEC]
Americans as Environmentalists
Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]
Superfund
From Dirty Tricks to Watergate
Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg
Dick Tut in Orange County, “The people have spoken, the b…….s”
American Views: Grassroots Community Action
The Ford Footnote
Helsinki Accords

41. Jimmy Carter: Idealism & Frustration in the White House
Carter, Energy and the Economy
Closed Factories and Failing Farms
Building a Cooperative World
Camp David Agreement, 1978 Begin and Sadat
New Crises Abroad

42. Chronology