2. Agrarian revolt The farmers’ plight – Generally Falling agricultural prices Growing economic dependency – Regional variants In trans-Mississippi West In South Farmers Alliance – Origins and spread – Strategies Initial cooperative approach; “exchanges” Turn to “subtreasury plan,” political engagement

3. Agrarian revolt (cont’d) Advent of People’s (Populist) party – Scope of following – Grassroots mobilization – Guiding vision Commonwealth of small producers as fundamental to freedom Restoration of democracy and economic opportunity Expansion of federal power – Omaha platform

4. Agrarian revolt (cont’d) Populist coalition – Interracial alliance Extent Limits – Involvement of women Mary Elizabeth Lease Support for women’s suffrage – Electoral showing for 1892 Prospects for Populist-labor alliance – Context Economic collapse of 1893 Resurgence of conflict between labor and capital Sharpening of government repression of labor

5. Agrarian revolt (cont’d) Prospects for Populist-labor alliance Key episodes Miners strike at Coeur d’Alene, Idaho Coxey’s Army Pullman strike Populist appeals to industrial workers in 1894 Some success among miners Minimal success among urban workers; preference for Republicans

6. Agrarian revolt (cont’d) Election of 1896 – Campaign of William Jennings Bryan Joint support by Democrats and Populists Electrifying rhetoric Themes – “Free silver” – Social Gospel overtones – Vision of activist government National tour to rally farmers and workers – Campaign of William McKinley Insistence on gold standard Massive financial support from big business National political machine; Mark Hanna – Outcome Sharp regional divide McKinley victory – Significance and legacy Emergence of modern campaign tactics Launching of Republican political dominance Fading of Populism

7. The Segregated South Redeemers in power – Dismantling of Reconstruction programs – Convict lease system Failures of the New South – Limits of economic development – Persistence of regional poverty

8. The Segregated South (cont’d) Black life – Rural Varied prospects around region Elusive quest for land – Urban Network of community institutions The black middle class Racially exclusive labor markets Pockets of interracial unionism – For black men – For black women Kansas Exodus

9. The Segregated South (cont’d) Decline of black politics – Narrowing of political opportunity for black men – Shifting of political initiative for black women National Association of Colored Women Middle-class orientation Pursuit of equal rights and racial uplift Range of activities

10. The Segregated South (cont’d) Disfranchisement – Persistence of black voting following Reconstruction – Mounting alarm over specter of biracial insurgency – Elimination of black vote, state by state – Justifications and motivations Effects Massive purging of blacks from voting rolls Widespread disfranchisement of poor whites as well Emergence of southern white demagogues The North’s blessing Senate Supreme Court

11. The Segregated South (cont’d) Segregation – Fluidity of race relations following Reconstruction – Green light from Supreme Court for legal segregation Civil Rights Cases Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but equal” doctrine – Justice Harlan dissent – Spread of segregation laws across South – Unreality of “separate but equal” – Segregation as component of overall white domination – Social etiquette of segregation – Effects on other “non-white” groups

12. The Segregated South (cont’d) Rise of lynching – Motivations – Shocking brutality – The “rape” myth – Ida B. Wells’s antilynching crusade – A distinctly American phenomenon Uses of historical Memory – Civil War as “family quarrel” among white Americans – Reconstruction as horrible time of “Negro rule” – Erasure of blacks as historical actors

13. Contrasting notions of nationhood New nativism – Against “new immigrants” from southern and eastern Europe Depictions of “new immigrants” – As lower “races” – As threat to American Democracy Campaigns to curtail – Immigration Restriction League – Efforts to bar entry into United States – State disfranchisement measures

14. Contrasting notions of nationhood (cont’d) New nativism Against immigrants from China Congressional exclusion of Chinese women Congressional exclusion of all Chinese – Passage in 1882 – Renewal in 1892, 1902 Discrimination and violence against Chinese-Americans Uneven positions of Supreme court on rights of Chinese – Yick Wo v. Hopkins – United States v. Wong Kim Ark – Fong Yue Ting Precedent for legal exclusion of other groups

15. Contrasting notions of nationhood (cont’d) Booker T. Washington and the scaling back of black demands – Background on Washington – 1895 Atlanta address – Washington approach Repudiation of claim to full equality Acceptance of segregation Emphasis on material self-help, individual advancement, alliance with white employers

16. American Federation of Labor and the scaling back of labor’s outlook – Rise of the AFL, Samuel Gompers – AFL-Gompers approach Reproduction of broad reform vision, political engagement, direct confrontation with capital Emphasis on bargaining with employers over wages and conditions; “business unionism” Narrower ideal of labor solidarity – Concentration on skilled labor sectors – Exclusion of blacks, women, new immigrants Contrasting notions of nationhood

17. Contrasting notions of nationhood (cont’d) Ambiguities of the “women’s era” – Widening prospects for economic independence – Expanding role in public life Growing network of women’s organizations, campaigns Women’s Christian Temperance Union – Growing elitism of women’s suffrage movement Ethnic Racial

18. Becoming a world power The new imperialism – Traditional empires – Consolidation and expansion of imperial powers – Cultural justifications for imperial domination Abstention of United States from scramble for empire before 1890s – Continuing status as second-rate power – Confinement of national expansion to North American continent – Minimal record of overseas territorial acquisition – Preference for expanded trade over colonial holdings – Leading advocates

19. Becoming a world power (cont’d) Emerging calls for American expansion – Leading advocates Josiah Strong (Our Country) Alfred T. Mahan (The Influence of Sea Power Upon History) – Themes Moral – Global application of manifest destiny – Uplift of “inferior races” Economic – Expanded markets for American goods – Protection of international trade Strategic – Influence

20. Becoming a world power (cont’d) Intervention in Hawaii – American trade and military agreements – Economic dominance of American sugar planters – Over throw of Queen Liliuokalani Rise of assertive nationalism – Contributing factors Depression-era quest for foreign markets Concern over economic and ethnic disunity – Manifestations Rituals – “Pledge of Allegiance” – “Star-Spangled Banner” – Flag Day Yellow journalism

21. IV. Becoming a world power (cont’d) Spanish-American War – Background Long Cuban struggle for independence from Spain Renewal of struggle in 1895 – Harsh Spanish response – Growing American sympathy for Cuban cause – Toward intervention Destruction of battleship Maine War fever, fanned by yellow press U.S. Declaration of war; Teller Amendment

22. Becoming a world power Spanish-American War In Philippines – Admiral George Dewey’s victory at Manila Bay – Landing of American troops In Cuba and Puerto Rico – Landing of American troops – Naval victory of Santiago – Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders; legendary charge up San Juan Hill Swift defeat of Spain

23. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR "The war of the United States with Spain was very brief. Its results were many, startling, and of world-wide meaning." --Henry Cabot Lodge

24. War with Spain Increased overseas possessions US gained recognition as a “world power” Americans became convinced they had a special destiny The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War Home PageThe World of 1898: The Spanish-American War Home Page

25. A War for Principle TIMELINE February, 1895-- rebellion in Cuba "Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence McKinley gains Spanish concessions February, 1898-- explosion of the Maine April 19--Congress declares Cuba independent, passes "Teller Amendment“ APRIL 25: US declares WAR with Spain

26. "A Splendid Little War" U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared Problems of equipment and supply – regulars possess latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles – Guard units possess old Springfield rifles Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

27. “Smoked Yankees” African Americans serve in army Guard units Black troops resist segregation African American soldiers win 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

28. Pacific Theater May 1--Commodore George Dewey captures Manila Bay August 13--Philippines surrender

29. Caribbean Theater June--Cuba invaded July--Santiago surrenders, Puerto Rico occupied

30. Acquisition of Empire Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations December 1898--Treaty of Paris – Debate over annexation of the Philippines – Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League – February, 1899--ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

31. American Empire, 1900

32. World Colonial Empires, 1900

33. Becoming a world power (cont’d) From liberator to imperial power – Postwar attainment of overseas empire Varied arrangements – Annexation of Hawaii – Acquisition of Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam – Qualified sovereignty for Cuba, Platt Amendment Value as outposts for U.S. naval and commercial power – Open Door policy (http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h908.html )http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h908.html – Initial welcome in former Spanish colonies for U.S. forces As agent of expanded trade and social order As agent of social reform and national self-rule

34. Becoming a world power (cont’d) From liberator to imperial power Growing disenchantment in Philippines Founding of provisional government by Emilio Aguinaldo U.S. failure to recognize; insistence on retaining possession Philippine war Bloodiness and brutality Controversy in United States Outcome Legacy of poverty and inequality in American possessions

35. Analyzing a Political Cartoon

36. Becoming a world power (cont’d) Status of territorial peoples – Limits on claims to American freedom Forakaer Act Insular Cases – Divergent futures for American territories Hawaii (statehood) Philippines (independence) Guam (“unincorporated” territory) Puerto Rico (commonwealth) American debate over imperial expansion – Opponents (Anti-Imperialist League): “republic or empire?” – Proponents: “”benevolent” imperialism

37. America at dawn of twentieth century