1. Topic V – Energy in the Earth’s Processes
A. Electromagnetic Energy
1. The is the major energy source for weather changes in the atmosphere and many of the changes occurring at Earth’s surface.
SUN
2. Energy from the Sun comes in
many different wavelengths

2. Reflected by aerosols (dust particles, water droplets) (6%)
2. Reflected by clouds (20%)
5. Absorbed by Earth (51%)
3. Reflected by Earth’s surface (4%)
4. Absorbed by clouds (3%)
6. Absorbed by Ozone, water vapor, dust (16%)

3. Land heats and cools faster than water
C. Factors that effect the amount/ rate of heating
Angle
And
Duration
Of Insolation
Land
Vs.
Water 2.
Land heats and cools faster than water

4. Black heats faster than white Rough surfaces heat faster
3. Color
Dark / Black
White / Light
Vs.
Black heats faster than white
4. Texture
Smooth
Rough
Vs.
Rough surfaces heat faster

5. III. Temperature and Heat A. Heat Transfer 1. Conduction
The flame’s heat causes molecules in the pans bottom to vibrate and become hotter. These vibrating molecules collide with their neighboring molecules, making them vibrate faster too. After a while molecules in the pan’s handle are
vibrating so fast that it is too hot to touch.
The transfer of heat by the collision of molecules. Occurs best in solids-molecules closer together (more dense)

6. The heat in the pan, especially near
2. Convection
The heat in the pan, especially near
the flame, causes the molecules of
water at the bottom of the pan to
vibrate faster, making it hotter. This
hotter water becomes less dense
and rises, and surrounding cooler
more dense water sinks to replace it.
A circular pattern of movement develops
within the water. This up and down
movement eventually heats all of the water.
The transfer of heat by actual movement of the heated fluid (gas or liquid)

7. 3. Radiation
The heat in the pan radiates
heat in the form of waves
to the surrounding air. (Air
is a poor ` of
heat.) Heat Light and other
kinds of waves radiate through
the near vacuum of outer space
from the sun to the earth.
The transfer of heat by wave motion through air (transparent material) or a vacuum (space)

8. B. Measuring Temperature
Found on pg 13
Of the Earth Science
Reference Tables
B. Measuring Temperature
Water Boils
212
100
Human Body Temperature 98 37
68/69
20/21
Room Temperature 32
Water Freezes

11. Goes Up By 2’s Goes Up By 1’s Goes Up By 1’s Kelvin Fahrenheit Celsius5 4 3
275 2
274 1
273
Goes Up By
2’s
272
271
Goes Up By
1’s
Goes Up By
1’s 10 8 6 4 2
Kelvin
Fahrenheit
Celsius

12. 44°F
7°C
280°K

13. CALORIE
__________________________________ = The amount of heat required to raise one gram of liquid water, one degree Celsius.
Rocks, ice, wood and all other materials take _________________
than one calorie of heat to raise their temperature one degree Celsius.
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of any substance one degree Celsius is called the ______________________ of that substance.
Some of these can be found on the front page of the Earth Science Reference Tables.
We can calculate how much heat needs to be added in to or taken out of a substance to raise or lower the temperature using the following equation:
Calories = ___________ X ________________ X ___________
LESS
SPECIFIC HEAT
CHANGE IN TEMP
SPECIFIC HEAT
GRAMS

14. Examples:
If I want to raise the temperature of 40 g of dry air from
70 0C to 78 0C:
What if I want to lower the temperature of 20 g of copper from 42 0C to 37 0C:
A piece of granite lost heat so that it’s temperature went down 15 0C. If the mass is 90 g, how many calories of heat were lost?

15. liquid water to water vapor
Changes in State
Evaporation –
A. It requires of energy (heat) to convert of
Evaporation is a process since it absorbs heat from the environment.
Condensation-
Water molecules energy equivalent to what was absorbed in evaporation.
Condensation in the atmosphere results in the formation of and
Liquid changing to gas
2260 Joules
1 gram
liquid water to water vapor
cooling
Water vapor changing to
a liquid
release
clouds
dew/fog/frost

16. Liquid changing to a solid
3. Melting-
A. It requires of energy/heat to convert of
B. Melting is a process.
Freezing-
A. Water molecules energy equivalent to what is absorbed during melting.
Solid changing to a liquid
334 Joules
1 gram
ice to liquid water
cooling
Liquid changing to a solid
release
Sublimation
Melting 334
Evaporation 2260
Freezing 334
Condensation 2260
Deposition

17. Heat Absorption Diagram
Water’s temperature is ________________, water is in the ________________ phase.
Water’s temperature is________________, all heat going in is converted to__________, water is ___________________________.
Water’s temperature is_________________, water is in the ________________ phase.
Water’s temperature is_________________, all heat going in is converted to__________, water is __________________________.
Water’s temperature is________________, water is in the ________________ phase.
Many times this diagram has “time” along the bottom.
Latent Heat:_______________________.