1. J.-H. Yeh, J.-C. Chen, and P. Agrawal
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 8, no. 4, pp , 2009.
Fast Intra-Network and Cross-Layer Handover (FINCH) for WiMAX and Mobile Internet
J.-H. Yeh, J.-C. Chen, and P. Agrawal

2. Outline Introduction Related Work Design Principles Proposed FINCH
Performance Analysis
Numerical Results
Conclusion

3. Introduction
standardizes physical (PHY) layer and Media Access Control (MAC) layer only.
To build a complete system, higher layers are necessary.
One of the major objectives of WiMAX Forum is to promote conformance and interoperability of the IEEE standards.
The Access Service Network (ASN)
provides radio access to WiMAX subscribers.
consists of one or more ASN Gateways (ASN GWs) and Base Stations (BSs).
ASNs are connected by Connectivity Service Network (CSN)
provides Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity services.

4. Mobile IP (MIP, IETF RFC 3344) is adopted by WiMAX Forum.
The Home Agent (HA) of a Mobile Station (MS) is located in the CSN of the MS’s Home Network Service Provider (H-NSP).
ASN GW supports the Foreign Agent (FA) functionality.
intra-ASN mobility  no need to update MS’s care-of-address (CoA).
inter-ASN mobility  the MS needs to update its CoA.

5. MIP is simple and effective MIP’s deficiencies
to deal with interdomain mobility management in the network layer.
MIP’s deficiencies
frequent location update,
long handover (HO) delay, and
long end-to-end latency.
route optimization has been proposed,
can result in latency, which is highly variable.
may not be suitable for intradomain mobility
especially for real-time services
IPv6 might be more efficient than IPv4,
it is not widely deployed.
this paper only focuses on the IPv4 over Ethernet-like link model [6]
[6] J. Jee, S. Madanapalli, and J. Mandin, IP over IEEE Problem Statement and Goals, IETF RFC 5154, Apr
the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) can incur significant delay for both packet delivery and HO

6. The proposal for interdomain mobility (inter-CSN mobility)
use MIP only.
for intradomain mobility (intra-CSN mobility)
a new protocol, Fast Intra-Network and Cross-layer Handover (FINCH),
which can achieve fast HO, especially for real-time services.
paging extension is designed
to conserve the energy of MS and
reduce the signaling overhead for location update

7. Outline Introduction Related Work Design Principles Proposed FINCH
Performance Analysis
Numerical Results
Conclusion

8. Related Work Interdomain Intradomain
MobileIP, SessionInitiateProtocol, HostIdentityProtocol
Intradomain
Tunnel-based
HierarchicalMIP
E. Gustafsson, A. Jonsson, and C. Perkins, “Mobile IPv4 Regional Registration,” IETF Internet draft, work in progress, Oct (RFC 2007)
Host-specific-routing-based
Cellular IP
A. T. Campbell, J. Gomez, S. Kim et al., “Design, implementation, and evaluation of cellular IP,” Personal Communications, IEEE, vol. 7, no. 4, pp , 2000.
Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure (HAWAII)
R. Ramjee, K. Varadhan, L. Salgarelli et al., “HAWAII: a domain-based approach for supporting mobility in wide-area wireless networks,” TON: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 10, no. 3, pp , 2002.
FINCH
Fast HOs for MIPv4
R. Koodli, and C. Perkins, "Mobile IPv4 Fast Handovers," IETF, RFC 4988, 2007.

9. HMIP
Tunnel-based
Gateway FA
Regional Foreign Agent

10. Cellular IP
intends to minimize the usage of explicit signaling messages
a layer three routing protocol
identifies MS with its home address and
MHs use the IP address of the gateway as their MIP care-of address.
directly routes packets without tunneling or address conversion
Uplink packets
sent to the gateway in a hop-by-hop manner.
each node on the path will cache the source direction of the MS.
Downlink packets
be forwarded back to the MS with the routing caches.
When there is no data to send, MS must send a special IP packet toward the gateway to indicate its current location.

11. HAWAII Use MIP to handle macro-mobility (interdomain)
Network nodes maintain mobile-specific routing entries on the legacy routing tables.
MS creates, updates, and modifies the location information with explicit signaling messages.
The forwarding scheme
buffers packets forwarded to the old access point and redirects them to the new access point.
the nonforwarding scheme
drops the packets sent to the old access point. (?)

12. Design Principles
Propsed Fast Intra-Network and Cross-layer Handover (FINCH)
Fast HO
Cross-layer
Scalability
avoid using centralized nodes
Paging support
Timely for deployment
Flexibility
not be limited to tree-based topology only

13. Outline Introduction Related Work Design Principles Proposed FINCH
Performance Analysis
Numerical Results
Conclusion

14. Mobility Management in WiMAX
when an MS leaves its home network, the HA tunnels packets to the MS’s current anchor ASN GW, which is essentially the FA
further tunnels the packets to the MS
If the serving BS and target BS belong to different IP subnets, the MS needs to perform L3 HO
acquire an NCoA and register the NCoA with the HA
problems
suboptimal problem may happen in a nontree network topology
most of the protocols operate on or above the IP layer.
They do not address link-layer mobility.
The broadcast-and-reply nature of ARP wastes bandwidth and causes extra latency
ARP messages may wake up the MSs in sleep/idle mode

15. Cross-layer Design
a special table-lookup technique for both link layer and IP layer to update the location.
location updates in the link layer and IP layer are coupled together.
Consequently, ARP is no longer necessary
The mobility management and packet routing within the domain are done by replacing the necessary routing table and bridging table with a Forwarding Table (FT).
assume that all nodes have L3 functionality
they are capable of processing IP packets.

17. When MS 1 enters the CSN-2 domain

18. Handover and Location Update

19. Characteristics
All source nodes (in the domain) know the new location of the MS after the location update is complete.
The triangular routing in MIP is eliminated (Lee, “partially”)
no need for route optimization.
the new path may be the one with least congestion or shortest path
the new forwarding address is updated by the first arrived frame
Not necessary to trigger L3 HO after L2 HO is done if it is an across IP subnet HO.
The proposed scheme deals with HOs and location update and leaves address configuration to other protocols.

20. Breaks the layer structure
eliminates the redundancy of doing two HOs and location updates in both link and IP layers.
the FT needs to maintain a list of all terminals in the domain.
Each domain does not expect to support millions or billions of terminals.
The table searching can also be implemented in hardware

21. Paging Extension, P-FINCH
PG: paging group
PC: paging controller
The proposed P-FINCH is also compatible with the mobile WiMAX standards.
P-FINCH can significantly reduce signaling overhead and efficiently conserve the energy of MSs.
Scalable and robust
paging is initiated by each PC instead of a centralized paging initiator
Comparing with the protocols that have only one single node to buffer packets

22. Outline Introduction Related Work Design Principles Proposed FINCH
Performance Analysis
Numerical Results
Conclusion

23. Performance Analysis Handover Latency and Packet Loss
Location Update Cost
Over All Cost
Energy Conservation

24. Handover Latency and Packet Loss
DL2 is the L2 link switching delay
DIP is the IP connectivity latency.
the duration of IP layer movement detection,
IP address acquisition, and configuration
DLU is the location update latency.
the latency for binding update and
the latency to forward packets to the new IP address.

25. Handover latency Packet loss 200 ms 200 ms 200 ms 10 ms 200 ms 10 ms

26. Location Update Cost
ρ  the MS call-to-mobility ratio (CMR). defined as λ/μ,
U  the average cost of location update to its HA in MIP.
S  the cost for setting up a single link when the intradomain mobility management protocol sets up the path in the intradomain.
A  the cost of ARP operations.
L  the cost for setting up the direct connection between the NAR and PAR in F-MIP.

27. U=10000
L=500
S=500
A=1000
V=200

28. Overall Cost
the overall cost adds up location update cost and packet delivery cost.
M  the packet delivery cost of MIP.
F  the packet forwarding/routing cost in the intradomain (or CSN).
T  the additional re-encapsulation and decapsulation cost of MIP, F-MIP, and HMIP.
B  the cost for buffering packets at NAR in F-MIP.

30. Energy Conservation

31. Outline Introduction Related Work Design Principles Proposed FINCH
Performance Analysis
Numerical Results
Conclusion

32. Handover latency and packet loss

33. Location Cost and Overall Cost
17%
mobility
low
high
when P-FINCH is applied, the cost is reduced significantly
When the mobility rate is low, the cost of HMIP is larger than that of HAWAII and MIP due to the hierarchical tunneling cost
the paging extension should be turned on when CMR is less than 1

34. Energy Conservation
mobility
low
high

35. Conclusion
MIP is adopted as the mobility management protocol by WiMAX Forum.
cannot support HOs well when mobile nodes move frequently and/or when the coverage area of a subnet is small.
even exaggerated for real-time services,
which require very fast HOs in mobile WiMAX networks.
a fast HO protocol, FINCH, for intradomain (intra-CSN) mobility management is proposed
discussed with examples
The analytical models and extensive simulations show that it can support fast and efficient link layer and intradomain HOs.
reduces location update cost and overall cost because of the cross-layer design
a scalable paging extension for FINCH, P-FINCH, is proposed
analysis also shows that it significantly reduce the signaling overhead and energy consumption
if the size of the paging area is well configured.
Comparing with MIP, the proposed FINCH does NOT
need IP encapsulation and
have triangular routing problem.
also reduces the overhead caused by registering CoA with the HA
the overhead and latency in interfacing conventional mobility management protocols in the two layers are eliminated
By unifying the mobility management in layer 2 and layer 3,

36. comments Does ARP really has to propagate to the entire intra-CSN?
The analysis is complete.