1. Sub Continental Region
India
Sub Continental Region

5. Introduction
South Asia comprises of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan
India is roughly triangular in shape
Covers 2.9% of worlds land mass – 7th largest country
Population is over 1 billion – 2nd most populous
GNP is $450 compared to Irelands $25,520
Average daily income is $1
Ireland
India
Area (000km) 70
3287
Population
3.7m
1116m
Density 55
342
% Urban Pop 60 28

6. Physical India 3 Major Regions Northern Mountains:
Indus-Ganges Plain
Southern Plateau
Northern Mountains:
Dominated by Himalayas formed by collision of Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian Plate
Area prone to Earthquakes
Mt Everest (8,850m) is in Himalayas
Half of pop live in this lowland plain
Drained by 3 rivers Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra
Fertile Alluvial floodplains led to high population density
Rivers often flood especially in summer due to Monsoon and melting mountain snow

7. Southern Plateau;
Peninsular India – plateau’s, coastal plains and Mountains
Deccan Plateau – 300m to 800m high, slopes from W to E
Coastal lowlands are narrow rising in west to form Western Ghats and in east to form Eastern Ghats

10. Climate Monsoon Climate with 3 distinct stages
October – February
Cool Dry season
Dry NE winds blow out from high pressure area in the continental interior, North of Himalayas
Some rainfall in south east as winds pick up moisture over Bay of Bengal
Brings freezing temperatures and snow in Mts of North India
Called Retreating Monsoon

11. Wet Monsoon
June – Sept, hot and wet, warm ocean air is drawn into low pressure in continental interior from south west Indian ocean
Heavy Rainfall and Flooding
Tropical Cyclones with speeds of 160km/ph
Can cause tidal waves
Brings ¾ of India’s annual rainfall
2 Branches:
A) flows SW across Arabian Sea, heavy rain as winds forced over Western Ghats, at Cherrapunji rainfall may exceed 10,800mm
B) Blows across Bay of Bengal veering North along the Ganges, Rainfall heavy in the deltas of Ganges and Brahmaputra

12. March – June, Hot Dry season
Land temperatures reach 45 degrees
Humidity levels also increase

13. Importance of Monsoon’s
India depends on the monsoon rains for crop growth
Delays in monsoon affect the planting of crops and the use of Irrigation systems
Poor rain leads to poor growing season i.e. Poor harvest (rice thrives in water logged condition) can lead to starvation
Rains too heavy it leads to flooding, soil erosion and landslides

14. Soils Alluvial – Ganges and Indus Valleys, most fertile
Laterites (Tropical red soils)
Heavily Leached due to monsoon rains, leaching most common in western and eastern Ghats
Black soil, high clay content so hold moisture, colour comes from the weathered underlying Basalt – Deccan Plateau

15. Primary activities Agriculture: 65% of labour force
Most of land has agri potential except Thar desert
Cultivated land area equals total land under cultivation in EU
India’s farm output second highest in the world
Most produce sold locally
Most fertile land in Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra valley’s
Farming intensive subsistent, paddy fields surrounded by bunds (banks stabilised by coconut + banana trees)
Rice most common crop in Ganges valley– 90% of local diet
Planting & Weeding done by hand
Avg farm size is 2 hectares
Double cropping with wheat & Millet in dry season
Irrigation necessary
Cash crops also grown in some places i.e. cotton, coconuts and tea

16. Largest livestock population in world per capita – cattle sacred so beef comes from animals that die of old age
Monoculture can lead to infertile soils
Deforestation (teak & rosewood + pop growth) results in huge soil erosion
Fishing and aquaculture along the coast (Sharks & Anchovies)
Tea in North east (Assam)
Tobacco in North West
Green Revolution:
Began 1970’s
Pop was increasing by 1.5% per year
It introduced irrigation schemes, genetically modified, fertilisers and pesticides
Efforts to improve farming in response to food shortages in less developed economies by introducing new types of high yielding rice and wheat.

17. 1n 1990 25% of most fertile land is owned by 5% of farming families
These miracle seeds are resistant to diseases and pests. Rice and wheat output increased. By late 1990’s India became a net exporter of food.
Only benefitted regions that can afford new technologies and fertilisers
Problems for Green Revolution:
Requires large amounts of fertilisers
Migration from land as more mechanisation
Number of farms reduced as size increases
Benefits larger farmers with more to invest
Environmental pollution
Land Reform is needed
1n % of most fertile land is owned by 5% of farming families
Land needs to redistributed

18. Forestry: 20% of landmass
Teak and Rosewood
Grow in areas of high rainfall and hot wet climate encourages rapid growth
10% of trees used in paper in pulp
97% of forests are publically owned
Govt committed to re-afforestation
Deforestation leads to mudslides
Fishing:
Worlds largest exporter of seafood
Aquaculture is also quite developed
Exports shrimp, sardines, shark and anchovies
Mining/Energy:
3rd largest producer of coal
Also produce diamonds, copper, iron, and oil

19. Agriculture
Describe and explain any two factors that influence the development of agriculture in a
non-European Continental / Sub-Continental Region that you have studied.

20. Secondary Economic Activities
India Ranks 14th in world for industrial output
17% of workforce employed in secondary
Pre independence in 1947 only 2% employed in manufacturing
Traditional industry was food processing, tea production and cotton. 13% of exports are tea and 30% are textiles
Main centres in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai
1947 development began with 3 aims:
Increase employment opportunities, in labour intensive local craft e.g. weaving, food processing, agri-industries
Promote increase wealth
Reduce dependence on imported goods
Hoping to prevent outward migration as 70% of population is rural

21. 4 zones of development Well educated, low cost workforce
Education in heavily invested in
India produces more 3rd level graduates than Canada and USA combined
40% have degrees in science and engineering
Salaries 1/10 of American Graduates
4 zones of development
Kolkata – NE India
Traditional Industries of Cotton and clothing
Near the largest deposits of coal and iron in India for steel, iron and chemical industries
Tata Iron and Steel Company
Energy supplies attract companies, Coal and HEP

22. Chennai, Bangalore and Madurai – SE
Policy of Industrialisation
Software parks, improved infrastructure, tax breaks
Textiles and light engineering
Software companies (MNC’s – IBM and Texas)
Bangalore is India’s Silicon Valley – low wages and highly educated (IBM, Texas, Microsoft)
UK Aviva and Llyod’s TSB – telesales service
Mumbai – W
Main Port
Food processing and cotton
Electronics and Pharmaceuticals (MNC’s)
Ahmadabad – NW
Cotton, chemicals, engineering and food processing
Newly Industrialised Country – could be a major competitor to EU and US in near future

23. Advantages of India for Industrialisation
Large Population (1 billion) Guaranteed market
Natural resources (Coal+Iron) – Kolkata
HEP – (Himalayas+W Ghats)
Some nuclear power
There is interdependence between industry + agriculture – fertiliser, machinery+ food processing

24. Emphasis is on labour intensive industries to absorb India’s large population. Labour is cheap giving India an advantage
75% of pop is rural based so most investment in rural industry which stems out migration
Why India attracts MNC’s?
Skilled workers due to massive investment at 3rd level – India more 3rd level graduates in science and engineering than Canada and USA combined
Low costs
Improved Communication

25. Tertiary Economic activities
Tertiary Service is underdeveloped
Most locals can barely meet their basic needs – health care and education are beyond most people
Urban areas are wealthier
Black economy thrives – unlicensed street vendors and prostitution
Services:
Underdeveloped
In Calcutta, New Delhi, 2 types of services exist
1-big pop and wealthy people require banking, education and finance
2 – black economy-drugs, prostitution, street sellers
60%-70% live in rural areas
Subsistence agriculture so little money available for investment in education and hospitals etc.

26. Transport: Air + water:
Not equal across the country, rural areas very underdeveloped, over 50% of rural villages don’t have tarred road
Cars not common, 5 per 1000 compared to 500 per 1000 in west
City traffic very congested, accidents regular and ox-drawn carts often on main roads
Second largest rail network in the world, 62,000km, out of date and mainly using steam engines
Rail network is improving – diesel and electric trains
Underground opened in Calcutta in 1989
Road network is expanding but car ownership is small 5 per 1000 compared with 500 per 1000 in west
Air + water:
In 2011 Air India combined the international and internal airlines
Calcutta, Bombay and Chennai are major ports

27. Adventure holidays – rafting, rock climbing etc
Tourism:
Many attractions
Fastest growing economic sector, 2007 visited by 5m people, from Ireland
Worth 5billion euro and employs 23% of workforce
Tourism provides much needed revenue and helps prevent outmigration
Himalayas
Architectural wonders and Temples e.g. Taj Mahal
Southern Beaches e.g Goa
Tea Planatations – Darjiling
Rivers – Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra
International Tourism limited, people discouraged by poverty – govt trying to introduce standards of cleanliness
Internal tourism growing as SoL improves they have more disposable income
Adventure holidays – rafting, rock climbing etc
Bollywood movies – produces about 1000 films a year earning 2 billion dollars

28. Human Factors Population: Over 1billion expected to reach 2b by 2040
Natural increase of 1.6% per year
60% -Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra (fertile soil)
Deltas of East Coast
alluvial and marine soils along western Coast
800 per km2 along Ganges and Indus
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Annual Increase
Pop will double in
India 25 9
1.6
39yrs
Ireland 14 8
0.6
139yrs

29. Problems of population growth
Pressure on agriculture to feed increasing numbers
Rural-Urban migration
Unemployment
Family planning is not working due to:
Lack of education
People are required to work the land
A sign of virility
The birth rate should decline as urbanisation increases

30. Language No common Language 3 major languages:
Indo European languages are spoken in N and central India
Migrants arrived in NW of India from Europe
Hindi is the largest language (250m)
English – 2% of Indians
Important for business and education
Dravidian languages – S India (200m)

31. Religion Hinduism is the dominant religion
Divides individuals into social classes determined by birth- Caste system
Priests at top
Warriors
Merchants
Serfs
Untouchables
Caste system breaking down in urban areas
Hindus regard the cow as sacred so cannot be killed so allowed to roam freely and is a hindrance to development

32. Other Religions Islam – introduced through trade- NW (200m muslims)
Conflict between Hindus and Muslims – many converted to Islam as everybody equal in Islam religion
Rioting in 2002 left 2000 dead
Buddhism – developed in India in 6thC S. India
Sikhism – developed 15thC – mixture of Hindu and Islam – everybody the same
Christianity – developed when India was colony of England – scattered throughout

33. Urban-Rural Development
Urbanisation increasing - now 270m
Why?
Influence of colonialism – developed ports and centres of administration – Bombay and Calcutta
Urban centres promote industrial development
Rural to urban migration= Pull + Push factors
Push = no need for farm workers due to machinery
Pull = increased job opportunities

34. 4 Major Cities West Coast – Bombay 18.1m
SE Coats – Chennai 6.6m + Bangalore 5.5m
NE – Calcutta 12.7m
North – New Delhi 11.7m
All urban centres have problems:
Poverty, Crime, Unemployment, Poor health and eudcation
760m live in rural areas:
Subsistence farming, little money, caste system, dependent of monsoons, over-population.

35. Indian Culture