1. Asexual Propagation

2. Two Types of Reproduction in Plants
Sexual Reproduction
development of new plants by the process of meiosis and fertilization in the flower to produce a viable embryo in a seed
Asexual Reproduction
The production of new plants by any vegetative means not involving meiosis and the union of gametes

3. Advantages of Asexual (Vegetative) Reproduction
Maintain clone
Uniform results
Faster (cut production time)
May be cheaper
“Custom Design” a plant
Can use it for experimental purposes
Virus Indexing -Bud and graft to diagnose plant diseases

4. Disadvantages of Vegetative Reproduction
Diseases
Propagate disease with plant
(seeds occasionally spread disease also, cruciferous seeds are dropped in boiling water to stop disease)
Certified plants – use virus indexing or tissue culture to get disease free plants
Costly
Sometimes more expensive vegetatively
e.g. tomatoes – easy by cuttings, cheaper buy seed

5. Disadvantages of Vegetative reproduction
No Variation – no rearranging genetics, no new cultivars
Couldn’t breed..
Disease resistant plants
Plants that use less fertilizer
Insect resistance
No genetic variation
Plants with higher yields

6. Types of Vegetative Reproduction
Apomixis
Layering
Cuttings
Grafting
Tissue Culture
Specialized stems and structures

7. Types of Vegetative Reproduction
Apomixis
Vegetative seed
Bluegrass
Citrus
onions
Gen nuclei causes mitosis of cell membrane
Clone of female
Ovary wall
Chalaza
Anitpodal cells
Stigma surface
Embryo sac
Two polar nuclei
Pollen tube
Nucellus
Egg
Synergid cells
Generative nuclei
Integuments
Tube nucleus
Micropyle
Funiculus

8. Types of Vegetative Reproduction
Layering

9. Types of Vegetative Reproduction
Layering

10. Air- Layering

11. Types of Vegetative Reproduction
Cuttings
Stem cuttings
Herbaceous
Softwood
Deciduous hardwood
Narrow-leaved evergreen hardwood
Semi hardwood
Whole leaf
Leaf sections
Leaf bud cuttings
Cane cuttings
Tip cuttings
Bulb leaf cuttings
Root cuttings

20. Grafting Tools and Terms
Stock
Scion
Interstock
Hand pruners
Grafting knife
Grafting wax
Budding rubbers

21. Grafting “Rules” Close taxonomic relationship (family) 2 parts secure
Dif Genera only a few
Species (Plums onto Peaches)
Cultivars of species (almost always will work)
Puzzles of incompatibility
Pear on quince (sometimes)
Quince on pear never
2 parts secure
Protect from dessication
Polarity

22. Types of Grafting
Grafting – joining parts of plants together to unite and grow as one
Budding – scion of one bud
T-bud
Patch bud
Grafting – scion of two or more buds
Side or stub graft
Side bark graft
Whip and tongue
Cleft graft
Approach graft
Bridge graft
Inarching
Top-working (changing cultivars)

23. Patch budding

25. Banana graft
Apple whip tongue grafting

26. Approach Graft – 2 methods

27. Whip and Tongue Graft

31. Types of Vegetative Propagation
Tissue Culture
Specialized Stems and Structures
Divisions
Stolons
Rhizomes
Suckers
Crowns
Corms
Bulbs
Tubers
Tuberous roots

32. Tissue Culture/Micropopagation
Tissue culture is a process where tiny plantlets are maintained on sterile artificial media containing nutrients.
Totipotency describes the capacity of certain cells to regenerate a whole plant. Meristems are considered to be totipotent.

33. Tissue Culture/Micropopagation
Advantages
Takes less room
quicker
Method
Undifferentiated cells (explants) placed on agar with nutrients and hormones under sterile conditions
Callus tissue generates cells in globs like jello
dividing callus tissue is influenced with growth hormones
Can get millions from a single plant

34. Stem structure

35. Other forms of Stems Chief characteristics are nodes and internodes
The following structures also have nodes and internodes and are therefore stems
Rhizome
Stolon
Corms
Bulb
tuber

36. Node
Internode

37. Corm

38. Cormels

39. Bulbs

40. Bulbils

41. Tuber

42. Sweet potato - Yam Stem or Root?

43. Root Types Fibrous Tap roots Adventitious roots Secondary roots
Aerial roots

44. Root Functions Absorb water and nutrients Anchorage Storage
autotrophic
Anchorage
Storage
Propagation
Photosynthesis
Aerial roots help plant cling or climb