1. Shampoo from India, Ketchup from China.
A short story of English

2. 'the common source'

3. The Celts – natives of the British Isles

4. Celtic words Proper names: Avon Thames Kent York
Other words: binn, crag

5. Britain as a part of the Roman world

6. The Roman invasion writing
Latin borrowings (e.g. wall, street, camp, wine, cheese)
Proper names (e.g. Chester, Manchester, Londonium)

7. Anglo – Saxons people from north Germany, Denmark and northern Holland

8. Old English language of the Anglo-Saxons
Noun declinations
Verb conjugations
Everyday words (sheep, earth, work, field)
the, is, you
Place names (Cantley, Downham, Elmswell)
Weekdays (Tiw, Woden, Thor, Frig)

9. 'The words of God'

10. Christianity and language
Words from the Bible (camel, lion, cedar, myrrh)
Words of Latin origin (discipline, preost, biscop, nonne, munuc)
Words of Greek origin (apostle, pope, psalter)

11. The Viking invasions

12. The Norse
The simplification of English (regularisation of endings, loss of inflections)
Place names (Clapham, Worthing, Hawkstowe, Derby, Swainswick)
900 words of Scandinavian origin (get, hit, leg, skin, same, want, wrong)

13. The Norman conquest

14. 'Common men know no French'
French – a learned, not natural language
Alternative vocabulary:
freedom – liberty
ask – enquire
answer – respond
call off – cancel
put off - postpone

15. Renaissance a huge influx of Latin and Greek words
Latin (anatomy, area, compensate, expensive, gradual, habitual, physician)
Greek (anonymous, atmosphere, data, skeleton, tragedy)
Arabic via Spanish (alcove, algebra, zenith, algorithm, almanac, azimuth, alchemy, admiral )

16. The beginning of major colonial expansion, industrial revolution, and American immigration
Words from European languages
French (champagne, faux pas, sachet, salon)
Spanish (alligator, barricade, coyote, desperado, tornado, tortilla)
Italian (studio, umbrella, cappuccino, espresso, spaghetti)
Dutch, Flemish (cruise, landscape, cookie)

17. German (pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel, U-boat, delicatessen, hamburger, hausfrau, kindergarten)
Scandinavian (fjord, ski, slalom)
Russian (czar/tsar, icon, perestroika, vodka)

18. Words from other parts of the world
Persian (check, checkmate, chess )
Arabic (gazelle, giraffe, harem, sultan, bazaar, caravan )
African languages (banana (via Portuguese), banjo, boogie-woogie, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, voodoo, zebra, zombie )
American Indian languages (avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chocolate, hurricane, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato)
Chinese (ketchup, tea)
Japanese (geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai,soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami)

20. sources: Bryson, Bill. 1990. The Mother Tongue. New York: Avon Books.
McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil The Story of English. New York: Penguin Books.
e.php
anglo-saxons/
html