1. What makes us smart? Or not so smart?
Intelligence
What makes us smart?
Or not so smart?

2. Top 10 facts about IQ School attendance correlates with IQ
IQ is not influenced by birth order
IQ is related to breast feeding
IQ varies by birth date
IQ evens out with age
Intelligence is plural not singular
IQ is correlated with head size
Intelligence scores are predictive of real-world outcomes
IQ is going up
IQ may be related to the school cafeteria menu!

3. Intelligence
Intelligence – a mental ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Socially constructed –
Example:
According to this definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

4. Intelligence Tests
Intelligence Test – a method of assessing mental aptitudes and comparing them with others
Reification – converting something abstract into a material thing
Example:

5. Theories of Intelligence
g-intelligence (Spearman)
Thurstone’s primary mental abilities
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Sternberg’s Three Intelligences
Emotional Intelligence

6. G factor (Spearman)
General Intelligence (G) - a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.
measured with a single numerical score
Example –
Factor analysis – statistical procedure used to identify clusters of closely related test items.
Used to assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities (G intelligence uses factor analysis)

7. Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities
Thurstone challenged Spearman - identified 7 clusters of mental ability
Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability inductive reasoning and memory
Provides
Later found that those who excelled in one of Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities also demonstrated high levels of competence in other abilities

8. Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
Gardner believed that there are 8 different types of intelligences.
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Body-kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Naturalist
Example

9. Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)
Most commonly accepted theory today.
Three types of intelligence
Analytical - ability to analyze and evaluate ideas, solve problems and make decisions.
Example:
2. Creative -  going beyond what is given to generate novel and interesting ideas
3. Practical - ability that individuals use to find the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.

10. EQ – Emotional Quotient
Social Intelligence – the ability to comprehend social situations and managing yourself successfully
Emotional Intelligence – ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions
4 components
Criticism – stretches concept of intelligence too far

11. Think Pair Share
Although Susan is a brilliant pianist and highly acclaimed ballet dancer, her high school intelligence test scores were only average. What does Susan's experience suggest regarding the nature of intelligence

12. Brain Size and Intelligence Is there a link?
Head Size correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
Brain size correlation
Einstein’s Brian
15% larger in parietal lobe
Math and spatial info .

13. Brain Size and Complexity
Higher performing brains:

14. BBrain Function Neurological speed Perceptual Speed –
correlation
Neurological speed
Fast reaction on simple tasks ( )

15. Assessing Intelligence
Frances Galton –
Meaured muscular power, sensory acuity, and body proportions
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
mental age - what a person of a particular age should know.
Example:

16. Stanford-Binet (Terman)
Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
IQ =
A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?
A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?
A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?

17. Problems with the IQ Formula
If a 60 year old woman
does as well as an average 29 year old
then her IQ would be _______?
Ok, ok…an average 35 year old?
Then her IQ would be_________?
Still makes no sense!!!!!
It does not really work well on adults, why?
Terman assigned a mental age of 20 for all adults to fix this problem

18. The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores
Your score represents your performance relative to the average performance (ave = 100) of others the same age
IQs less than 70 = mental disability. More than 130 = gifted

19. Table 6.2 Sample Items from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, Form L–M
The older the test taker is, the more the test requires in the way of verbal comprehension and fluency.
Age Task
4 Fills in the missing word when asked, “Brother is a boy; sister is a .”
Answers correctly when asked, “Why do we have houses?”
9 Answers correctly when examiner says, “In an old graveyard in Spain they have discovered a small skull which they believe to be that of Christopher Columbus when he was about 10 years old.” What is foolish about that?
Examiner presents folded paper; child draws how it will look unfolded.
12 Completes “The streams are dry there has been little rain.”
Tells what is foolish about statements such as “Bill Jones’s feet are so big that he has to put his trousers on over his head.”
Adult Can describe the difference between misery and poverty, character and reputation, laziness and idleness.
Explains how to measure 3 pints of water with a 5-pint and a 2-pint can.

20. Wechsler Tests More common
Does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system.
WAIS
WISC
WPPSI

21. Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 11 verbal and performance subtests
Assesses
verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed scores, as well as an overall intelligence score
Uses factor analysis
A low or high score in one area can indicate a cognitive weakness or strength
i.e. low verbal comprehension = reading disability
WISC – tests
Performance tests - Object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design, digit span, vocabulary

22. Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale

23. WISC

24. Aptitude v. Achievement Tests
A test designed to
Ability for a person to learn a new skill.
Example:
Achievement
A test designed to assess what a person has
Example:

25. Constructing Intelligence Tests
Standardized - a person's test performance can be compared with that of a
How would you standardize the AP Psych Exam?.
Example:
Reliable: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods.
Validity: Content, Predictive or Construct.

26. Normal Bell Curve
Standardized tests form a normal distribution or bell curve
Few people deviate extremely from the ave.
more than 2 standard deviations from the mean
Examples:

27. The Flynn Effect
Performance on IQ scores has steadily over generations
Environmental factors NOT genetics
Reduction in malnutrition
Access to schooling
Technological advances
To avoid:

28. Reliability
Reliability - The extent which a test yields consistent results over time.
Spilt halves -
Ex. -
test–retest
How would you insure the AP Psych Exam is reliable using split halves? Using the test-retest method?
Ex –

29. Validity
Validity - the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Content Validity: does the test
Examples:
AP test measures relevant psychology content by showing test items to psychology professors
Unit 11 exam has few questions about Intelligence – no content validity
Predictive Validity: does the test
How would test whether the AP Psych exam is valid?
AP test scores reflect similar college grades by giving the test to both high school and college students and comparing the scores to the college students grades

30. Think Pair Share
Assume you are going to develop a new test to predict job success for aspiring novelists. Explain how you would attempt to accomplish each of the following in the new test:
Content Validity
Predictive Validity
Standardization
Reliability

31. Think Pare Share
Assume you are going to develop a new test to predict job success for aspiring pilots. Define each of the following and explain how you would attempt to accomplish each of the following in the new test:
Standardization
Reliability
Content Validity
Predictive Validity

32. Intelligence Change Over Time
Infant intelligence – indicator is preference for looking at
By age 4 - a child’s IQ can predict
By age 7 - intelligence scores begin to stabilize and consistency with age
predictive validity of general aptitude tests as the educational experience of students
Ex. Correlation lowest between
Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

33. Fluid intelligence
Fluid intelligence - Our ability to learn new things fast and abstractly
Example:

34. Crystallized intelligence
Crystallized intelligence - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increases with age
Example:

35. Extremes of Intelligence
Akrit Jaswal

36. The Low Extreme
Intellectual disability – both a low test score and difficulty adapting to independent living
Mental retardation
Down syndrome – people born with an extra 21st chromosome
Mainstreamed – regular and least restrictive classrooms

37. Classifications of Intellectual Disability
Level
Approximate Intelligence Scores
Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild
50-70
May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills
Moderate
35-50
May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops
Severe
20-35
May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training

38. Classifications of Intellectual Disability
Level
Approximate Intelligence Scores
Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild
50-70
May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills
Moderate
35-50
May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops
Severe
20-35
May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training
Hanan, a 22-year-old, has an intellectual disability. Although not fully self-supporting, she earns some money by working in a sheltered workshop. She has been able to master basic skills equivalent to those of a second-grader. Hanan's intelligence test score is most likely between 50-69

39. Classifications of Intellectual Disability
Level
Approximate Intelligence Scores
Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild
50-70
May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills
Moderate
35-50
May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops
Severe
20-35
May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training
anan, a 22-year-old, has an intellectual disability. Although not fully self-supporting, she earns some money by working in a sheltered workshop. She has been able to master basic skills equivalent to those of a second-grader. Hanan's intelligence test score is most likely between 35-50

40. Classifications of Intellectual Disability
Level
Approximate Intelligence Scores
Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild
50-70
May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills
Moderate
35-50
May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops
Severe
20-35
May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training

41. Classifications of Intellectual Disability
Level
Approximate Intelligence Scores
Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild
50-70
May learn academic skills up to
Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills
Moderate
35-50
May progress to
academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops
Severe
20-35
May
under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training
Profound
Below 25
Require
The percentage of people diagnosed with an intellectual disability has increased over the past 80 years because intelligence tests have been restandardized

42. The High Extreme Terman’s study of gifted Self-fulfilling prophecy
Children were
Self-fulfilling prophecy
can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy by
Appropriate developmental placement
Tracking students

43. Twin and Adoption Studies
Genes and Environmental influences
Identical twin studies
scores more similar for identical twins raised apart than siblings or fraternal twins raised together
scores more dissimilar for identical twins raised apart than together
Polygenetic Trait- different chromosomal regions important to intelligence have been identified
Adoptive children studies
Over time adoptive children’s IQ ‘s become
correlated with adoptive parents and more

44. Heritability
Heritability – variation in intelligence scores attributed to genetic factors ( )
Example:
Greatest in genetically individuals who have been raised in environments.

45. Correlation of Intelligence

46. Environmental Influences
Early environmental influences
Intellectual developmental delays
Tutored human enrichment – trained caregivers to imitate babies’ babbling
Mozart effect –
Schooling and intelligence
Project Head Start
Reduces likelihood that students will

47. Ian and Nolan are identical twins who were adopted into different families shortly after birth. Use what you know about the stability of intelligence over time and the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to predict how similar Ian and Nolan's IQ scores will be at age 5 and age at 25.
Students should explain that Ian and Nolan's IQ scores are most likely very similar at age 5 because twin studies indicate that the shared genetics of identical twins, even when raised in different environments, make it very likely that they will have similar IQ scores. Ian and Nolan's IQ scores are also probably very similar at age 25, because IQ scores tend to stabilize around age 5 and usually do not change drastically over time.

48. Gender Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Girls
Spelling
Verbal ability
Nonverbal ability
Sensation – taste touch, odor
Emotion detecting ability
Math and spatial aptitudes identical
Boys
Math problem solving
Higher SAT
Go into math fields
Play chess
Spatial abilities

49. Ethnic Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Similarities
Infant intelligence
Black and white babies are
Differences
Ave. intelligence scores
Blacks –
Whites –
Math abilities
Sweden/Iceland –
Turkey/Korea –
Asians outperform North American’s on

50. The Question of Bias Two meanings of bias Test-taker’s expectations
Popular sense – biased if test performance is influenced by cultural experiences (i.e. biased against blacks)
Scientific sense – biased if predictive validity is not same for all groups
Test-taker’s expectations
Stereotype threat - Perform worse if feel apprehensive because of stereotypes
Feel you are evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Example: women perform lower on math tests because they feel apprehensive about test bias toward men.