1. Group members: Carlos Andrés Navas Jorge Landívar Teachers: Mr. Brown (technology and coordination) Mr. Camposano (Social Studies) Mr. Vinueza (Science) Mr. Valencia (Language)

2. Shelter

3. Materials a Shelter need: Food Water It need to be dry and warm To be a little elevate. To be away from dangerous animals. It should be clean.

4. Considerations before building a shelter: Before you start building your shelter, you need to take some things into consideration: How long will it take to build? Will it protect you from the elements you’re likely to experience, e.g. wind, rain, sun, snow? Do you have the tools to build it and, if not, can you craft the relevant tools out of surrounding materials? Can it be located close to a fire and a water source? If there’s a ‘natural’ shelter which basically needs modification, are animals or dangerous insects already occupying it?

5. The most popular tipe of shelter: The debris hut is a popular type of shelter for a general forest or jungle type location where you might find yourself in a survival situation. This is one of the more popular shelters to build as it’s good for keeping warm and is fairly easy to construct. To build it, make a tripod with 2 short stakes and a longer ridgepole or, alternatively, simply place one end of a large ridgepole on top of a solid base. The ridgepole should run the length of your shelter and can be secured by the tripod method or by anchoring it at about waist height to a tree.

6. Instructions to build a Debris hut: How to build an outdoor survival shelter The debris hut is an example of a good outdoor survival shelter. A debris hut is just a pile of dead leaves, branches and whatever else is around. If done correctly, there is enough space under it for you to lie under the pile comfortably - and still breathe. It should take about 1-2 hours to build a hut, so don't wait until it gets dark to start building. To make a debris hut: - Find yourself a long sturdy pole of a length about 1.5-2 times your height. This will be the main beam of your hut. Another option is to find a fallen tree that will fit to build this hut. Look for something to hold the main beam of the hut off the ground. A rock, stump, tree with a forked branch, or anything strong enough can be used for this support. The height should be a little taller than you are where you are sitting.

7. Instructions to build a debis hut: Make your shelter just large enough to accommodate you, especially in cold climates, because you are going to have to heat it with your own body heat. - Lean smaller poles against both sides of your main beam at about a 45 degree angle to make a framework. Place them close together and fill in around them with smaller branches. - Cover this framework with materials at hand such as dead leaves, dry fern, evergreen branches, or grass. Use whatever you can find. Once you have sufficient debris in place, at least 3 feet (1 m) thick, you will need to place a layer of small, light branches over the outside of the hut to keep all your insulation from blowing away. - Depending on how thick your insulating layer is, and that your debris is reasonably dry, a debris hut can keep people dry and warm in frigid temperatures.

8. Instruction to built a debris hut: - Place a 1 foot (30 cm) layer of debris inside the shelter. Try to choose stuff that you would like to sleep on. Your body heat can be lost very quickly lying on the bare ground. - At the entrance, pile insulating material that you can drag there once inside the shelter to close the entrance, or build a door. Try to place the entrance away from the wind. Wind and rain blowing towards or into the entrance will take the heat away from your shelter. You can make a door by gathering finger size dead wood and lashing it into a grid pattern. Make two grids and place debris between the two grids. Lash the grids together and you have an insulated door. Efficient shelter This simple outdoor survival shelter can make the difference in a wilderness survival situation.

9. Tent

10. What is a tent? A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over or attached to a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope.

11. Tent Structures Avian Tents: One or two straight poles with the Tent cover spread out create a covered ground area. They are mostly used for quick shelter and generally light weather conditions. Pyramid Tents: One central pole and the Tent cover pulled tight and spread out around the center pole form a pyramid shaped pocket. Pyramid Tents are rare in Hiking as the center pole effectively divides the Tent in multiple smaller compartments

12. Tent Structures Traditional A-Frame Tents: Two-legged frames at the outer ends of the Tent with the Tent cover form a triangular pocket. Old backpacking tents were often A-frame Tents. The increased roominess of hoop tents and domes has replaced most A-frame tents. Modified A-Frame Tents: Add a ridgepole and a center hoop to the traditional A-Frame to create a larger volume version of the traditional A-frame pocket. Modified A-Frame tents are also becoming rare in Hiking.

13. Tent Structures Hoop Tents: Use one to three hoops with the Tent cover to form a tubular pocket. The curved walls give a bigger volume with the same ground surface. Hoop Tents are surprisingly strong as they divide pressure over the full length of the hoops. Wedge Tents: Two intersecting hoops with the Tent cover form a square to round pocket. These tents are very popular in Hiking as they combine great strength in combination with the least use of material and weight.

14. Tent Structures Dome Tents: Three or more intersecting hoops with the Tent cover form a multi-faceted ground floor with a dome. The added hoops give this tent increased strength in comparison to Wedge Tents. However, they are mostly pretty difficult to erect. Most 4-Season tents are domes with four intersecting hoops.

15. How do we use a tent? Tents are used as habitation by nomads, recreational campers, and disaster victims. Tents are typically used as overhead shelter for festivals, weddings, backyard parties, and major corporate events. They are also used for excavation (construction) covers, industrial shelters. Tents are often used in humanitarian emergencies, such as war, earthquakes and fire.

16. Tents for Survive Tents are often used in humanitarian emergencies, such as war, earthquakes and fire. The primary choice of tents in humanitarian emergencies are canvas tents, because a cotton canvas tent allows functional breathability while serving the purpose of temporary shelter. At times, however, these temporary shelters become a permanent or semi-permanent home, especially for displaced people living in refugee camps or shanty towns who can't return to their former home and for whom no replacement homes are made available.

17. Bibliography: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent http://www.ehow.com/how_12578_build-debris- hut.html Carlos Navas Jorge Landívar