1. COLUMNS

2. Vertical members which will transfer load from the horizontal members
( beam, roof etc.) to the underlying foundation or structure
Columns carries compressive load.
It should not buckle (lateral displacement) or crush under load.

3. Based on the material of construction
Classification –
Based on the material of construction
Wooden Columns
Concrete Columns
Brick Columns
Stone Columns
Steel Columns
Composite Columns

4. Concrete columns

5. Brick columns

6. Stone columns

7. Natural stacked stone columns

9. Classification – Based on the slenderness ratio
slenderness ratio = effective length
Least lateral dimension
Short Columns
Slenderness ratio < 12
Failure by Crushing
Long columns
Slenderness ratio > 12
Failure by Buckling

10. Based on the cross-section
Classification –
Based on the cross-section
Cross section of columns 10

11. Classification – Based on the position of loading
a) Axially loaded Columns b) Eccentrically loaded Columns P P e
(a)
(b)

12. Classification –
Based on the support condition

13. Tributary Areas
A column generally picks up load from halfway to its neighbours
It also carries the load that comes from the floors above
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14. Extremely common structural element
Beams
Extremely common structural element
In buildings majority of loads are vertical and majority of useable surfaces are horizontal
Beams support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their axes.
If they are designed on the basis of strength, they must resist allowable shear and bending stresses.
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15. Structural Members for transferring vertical loads horizontally
Beams
Structural Members for transferring
vertical loads horizontally
action of beams involves combination of
bending and shear
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16. Requirements stability - Should not fall over
adequate strength - Should not break
stability - Should not fall over
adequate functionality – Should not deflect too much
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17. What do we need to know span - how supported loads on the beam
material, shape & dimensions of beam
allowable strength & allowable deflection
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18. Tributary Areas A beam picks up the load halfway to its neighbours
Each member also carries its own weight
this beam supports the load that comes from this area
span
spacing
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19. Dead Loads on Elements Code values per cubic metre or square metre
Multiply by the volume or area supported
Length
Height
Thickness
Load =
Surface area x
Wt per sq m, or
volume x
wt per cu m
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20. Live Loads on Elements Code values per square metre
Multiply by the area supported
Area carried by one beam
Total Load = area x (Live load + Dead load) per sq m
+ self weight
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21. Loads on Beams Point loads, from concentrated loads or other beams
Distributed loads, from anything continuous
Distributed Load
Point Load
Reactions
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23. What the Loads Do
The loads (& reactions) bend the beam, and try to shear through it
Bending
Shear
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29. Beam supported on roller and hinge29

30. A beam that is fixed or anchored at one end and free at the other end
Cantilever Beam
A beam that is fixed or anchored at one end and free at the other end H  M R V

31. A beam that spans beyond the supports is called overhang beam
Overhang may be on one side or on both sides W

32. Statically Determinate Beams
Beams in which the reactions of the supports may be determined by the use of the equations of static equilibrium are called statically determinate beams. The values of these reactions are independent of the deformations of the beams.
Eg: Cantilevers, simply supported beams, overhanging beams etc. 32

33. Statically Indeterminate Beams
If the number of reactions exerted upon the beam exceeds the number of equations of static equilibrium, then the static equations must be supplemented by equations based upon the deformations of the beam. This type of beams are called statically indeterminate beams.
Eg: Propped Cantilevers, fixed beams etc.

34. Cross section of beams 34

38. Based on the material of construction
Classification –
Based on the material of construction
Wooden Beams
Concrete Beams
Stone Beams
Steel Beams
Composite Beams

39. Composite Beam

40. Walls

41. The primary function of a wall is to enclose or divide space of the building to make it more functional and useful
Walls provide privacy, afford security and give protection against heat, cold, sun and rain
Walls provide support to floors and roofs

42. Requirements of a good wall
A good wall has following characteristics:
Strength and stability
Durability and fire resistance
Sound insulation
Adequate protection from weather changes like wind, rain etc.
Low initial and maintenance costs
Horizontal joints should be continuous and vertical joints should be staggered

43. Types of wall Walls may be basically divided into two types:
Load-bearing walls
Non load-bearing

44. Load-bearing walls are those designed to carry super-imposed loads (transferred through roofs etc), in addition to their own weight (self weight)
Non load-bearing walls carry their own load only. They generally serve as divide walls or partition walls.

45. Load bearing walls may further be divided into following types:
Solid masonry wall
Most commonly used
Built of individual blocks of material, such as bricks, clay or concrete blocks or stone, usually in horizontal course cemented together with suitable mortar.

46. Cavity wall
A Cavity wall or hollow wall is the one which consists of two separate walls, called leaves or skins, with a cavity or gap in-between.
The space between the leaves is either left as a continuous cavity or filled with non-load bearing insulating and water proofing material.

48. Faced wall
It is a wall in which the facing and backing are of two different materials which are bonded together to ensure common action under load.

49. Veneered wall
It is a wall in which the facing is attached to the backing but not so bonded so as to result in common action under load.

50. Retaining walls
Constructed to retain the earth filling
Required in the construction of hill roads, abutments etc.

51. Road
Train
retaining wall

52. highway

53. High-rise building
basement wall

54. Non load-bearing walls
Partition wall
Thin internal wall which is constructed to divide the space within the building into rooms and areas

55. Non load-bearing walls
Panel wall
Mainly used in framed construction
Supported at each storey but subjected to lateral loads

56. Thank You