1. Using Information Technology Pertemuan 13 Chapter 10 The Promises of the Digital Age

2. The Promises of the Digital Agee 2 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications Two models of telecommunications: Tree-and-branch - a centralized information provider sends out messages through many channels to thousands of consumers Switched-network - people on the system are not only consumers of information (“content”) but also possible providers of it

3. The Promises of the Digital Agee 3 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Potential Effect of the Switched-Network Model: Napster & the Rise of File Sharing The switched-network file-swapping model could well change the basic economics not only of the music business but also of the online book-publishing business.

4. The Promises of the Digital Agee 4 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.2 Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence - a group of related technologies used for developing machines to emulate human qualities Natural language processing Natural language processing - the study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language Expert systems Intelligent agents Pattern recognition Fuzzy logic Virtual reality and simulation devices Robotics

5. The Promises of the Digital Agee 5 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Expert Systems Expert system - an interactive computer program used in solving problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert Knowledge base Inference engine User inference Intelligent Agents Intelligent agent - a form of smart software, or software with built-in intelligence that monitors work patterns, asks questions, and performs work

6. The Promises of the Digital Agee 6 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pattern Recognition Pattern recognition - involves a camera and software that identify recurring patterns in what they are seeing and recognize the connections between the perceived patterns and similar patterns stored in a database Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy logic - a method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one

7. The Promises of the Digital Agee 7 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Virtual Reality & Simulation devices Virtual reality (VR) - a computer-generated artificial reality which projects a person into a sensation of three- dimensional spaceVR A virtual reality rendering of Rome

8. The Promises of the Digital Agee 8 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Robotics Robotics - the development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people Robot - an automatic device that performs functions ordinarily executed by human beings or that operates with what appears to be almost human intelligence

9. The Promises of the Digital Agee 9 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Two Approaches to Artificial Intelligence: Weak versus Strong AI Weak AI - claims that computers can be programmed to simulate human cognition Strong AI - claims that computers can be made to think on a level that is at least equal to humans and possibly even be conscious of themselves Neural networks, genetic algorithms, and cyborgs are three examples of strong AI.

10. The Promises of the Digital Agee 10 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Artificial Life, the Turing Test, & AI Ethics Artificial life or A-life - the field of study concerned with “creatures” that are created, replicate, evolve, and die as if they were living organisms Turing test - intended to determine whether a computer possesses intelligence or awareness Here a human judge converses by means of a computer terminal with two entities hidden in another location

11. The Promises of the Digital Agee 11 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Turing Test

12. The Promises of the Digital Agee 12 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.3 Information & Education When used by trained teachers in middle schools computers can significantly enhance performance in math learning. Students exposed to the internet in high school say they think the web has helped them improve the quality of their academic research and of their written work. One revolution in education—before, during, and after the college years— is the advent of distance learning, or “cyberclasses,” along with the explosion of internet resources.

13. The Promises of the Digital Agee 13 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science Operating room output

14. The Promises of the Digital Agee 14 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Health & Medicine Computer technology is also radically changing the tools of medicine. Besides physicians, patients and health consumers are also going online. Help for Stephen Hawking

15. The Promises of the Digital Agee 15 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science Scientists have long been users of information technology. Collaboratory - an internet-based collaborative laboratory, in which researchers all over the world can work easily together even at a distance An entomologist in Central America

16. The Promises of the Digital Agee 16 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.5 Commerce & Money Sales & Marketing – sales representatives must be comfortable with computer technology. Retailing Becomes E-Tailing – the challenges for internet food ventures are daunting.E-Tailing BankingBanking & E-money - the world of cybercash has come to banking. Stock TradingStock Trading - online trading has changed the nature of trading institutions themselves. Manufacturing - the ultimate goal of factory-automation experts is the lights-out factory.

17. The Promises of the Digital Agee 17 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.6 Entertainment & the Arts Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography.

18. The Promises of the Digital Agee 18 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.6 Entertainment & the Arts Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography. Computer driven indoor year-round skiing

19. The Promises of the Digital Agee 19 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Music The World Wide Web is standing the system of music recording and distribution on its head—and, in the process, is changing the financial underpinnings of the music industry. Movies Computer techniques have even been used to develop digitally created actors—called “synthespians.” Animation is not the only area in which computers are revolutionizing movies. Digital editing has radically transformed the way films are assembled.

20. The Promises of the Digital Agee 20 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy CommunicationCommunication between residents & local government Online voting Campaigning Paying taxes & finestaxes Touch screen voting

21. The Promises of the Digital Agee 21 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.8 Jobs & Careers Ways for you to find employers Ways for employers to find youyou What do you want to do?