1. What is DNA?
Where in the cell is DNA found?
Where does it come from?
What are Chromosomes

2. Copy questions leave 5 lines after each one.
Discussion Questions
• What are some important discoveries in genetics?
• What is the structure and function of DNA?
• Where is DNA located?
• Why are some traits passed from parent to offspring?
• What are the responsibilities of genes?

3. Preclass: Review Time. Answer in complete sentences.
What structure connects chromatids together?
All living things rely on _____________to give them the energy they need.
_________ is the stage of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides.
________ and ________ are products of photosynthesis.
________ and ________ are raw materials for respiration.
What is the structure and function of DNA? How do the nucleotides pair up (AGTC)?
• Where is DNA located?

4. Heredity Preclass
Copy each term on page 75- using your glossary, write out the definition for each word.

5. Heredity

6. Two ways organisms Reproduce
Sexual reproduction
Offspring have characteristics (traits) from both parents
These organisms have two parents
Female-egg cell
Male-sperm cell
Asexual Reproduction
Offspring look exactly like their parent
These organisms have one parent
Bacteria- binary fission
Spores
budding
Heredity- passing of traits from parents to offspring
Traits are recorded on Genes in the form of DNA

7. Making Sense of Genetic information:
Nucleotide Subunits + Sugar +Phosphate
DNA (instructions) Shape- double helix
Genes (heredity information)
Chromosomes (passed from parent to offspring)

8. Gregor Mendel
An experiment was done with pea plants in 1800s in Austria.
The goal was to find out which traits are dominant and which traits are recessive
Dominant traits- always appears, uses a capital letter as a symbol of the trait
Recessive traits- recede into the background, uses a lower case letter as a symbol of the trait

9. What else did he find out?
There are different forms of the same gene (allele)
Ex. You have a gene for height but you may have inherited two forms of height tall or short
Many genes can influence a singe trait
Ex. Your eyes have color and shape
One gene can influence many traits
Ex. tiger gene for fur color also controls eye color-

10. Answer in your journal
Some people have brown eyes, some have blue, some have green. Some people have earlobes that are attached directly to their head, while others have earlobes that hang loose. Where do people get these traits? How are they passed from one generation to the next?

11. Collect Data Ear Lobe Free Widow's Peak Present or Absent
Interlocking Fingers Lf over rt Present 
Tongue Roller  
Hitch-hikers's Thumb
Bent Little Finger
Eye Color Not Blue
Index Finger Short
Dimples
Right Handed  

12. Experiment Continued Analyze your data
Use a sheet of graph paper to show your information
WHAT ARE THE TRENDS YOU SEE
ONLY TALK ABOUT YOUR DATA!
Interpret your data- Draw conclusions
Communicate your results

13. Draw Conclusions: Take a look Back at your Experiment
Which traits are dominant according to the information you have. Explain how you know this.
How could you find out whether or not a trait is dominant or recessive in your family?
What would you have done differently to figure out if a trait is dominant or recessive?

14. DNA Structure The Shape of DNA is called Double Helix
DNA has a sugar phosphate backbone
DNA is made up of nucleotide subunits
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

16. Information can be organized using a Punnett Square.
Genotype- the inherited combination of alleles
Homozygous (same) BB
Heterozygous (different)Bb
Phenotype- the expressed trait (what you see on the outside)

17. HOW TO DO A PUNNETT SQUARE
A Punnett square is a chart which shows/predicts all possible gene combinations in a cross of parents (whose genes are known). Punnett squares are named for an English geneticist, Reginald Punnett.
Sample Problem - Step 1.
Designate letters which will represent the genes/traits. Capital letters represent dominant traits, and lowercase letters represent recessive traits. T = tall t = short

18. List the genes that each parent can contribute.
Step 2.
Write down the genotypes (genes) of each parent. These are often given to you or are possible to determine. TT (tall) X tt (short) - both homozygous (same) or purebred Step 3.
List the genes that each parent can contribute.
Parent 1
Parent 2

19. Step 4.
Draw a Punnett square - 4 small squares in the shape of a window. Write the possible gene(s) of one parent across the top and the gene(s) of the other parent along the side of the Punnett square. Step 5.
Fill in each box of the Punnett square by transferring the letter above and in front of each box into each appropriate box. As a general rule, the capital letter goes first and a lowercase letter follows.

20. Step 6.
List the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring for this cross.

21. Interpret your data…
What are the possible genotype(s) of a tall plant?
What are the possible genotype(s) of a short plant?
What would be the phenotype of TT?
What would be the phenotype of tt?
Why is the phenotype of Tt tall and not medium/average?

22. How do these traits get passed on during sexual reproduction?
Sperm Cells (male gametes)- contain half of the genetic information for organisms
Egg Cells (female gametes)- contain half of the genetic information for organisms
How many chromosomes do we have?
How are these cells produced?

23. Meiosis
Haploid Cells- half the DNA

24. Types of twins:
Fraternal - two independent eggs are fertilized by two independent sperm. Genetically, this type of twins is the same as regular siblings that happen to be born at the same time.
Identical - one egg is fertilized by one sperm then that zygote splits completely in half to become two people with identical genes (they basically started out as one person with one set of genes).

25. Making Sense of it all: Nucleotide Subunits + Sugar +Phosphate
DNA (instructions)
Genes (heredity information)
Chromosomes (passed from parent to offspring

26. DNA Structure The Shape of DNA is called Double Helix
DNA has a sugar phosphate backbone
DNA is made up of nucleotide subunits
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

27. DNA How does DNA determine what we look like?
DNA provides the code for making RNA
RNA is the ribonucleic acid that contains instructions for making amino acids.
Amino Acids go to the ribosomes to make protiens.
Proteins are made from amino acid

28. DNA Replication
When the DNA is copied errors can happen causing mutations
Substitution- putting one nucleotide pair in the place of another
Insertion-adding in a nucleotide pair
Deletion- removing on nucleotide pair
Write an example for each one
Remember: A-T, G-C

29. EXAMPLES
ORIGINAL SUB DELET INSERTION

30. Origin of Species
Adaptations- changes a species undergoes to enhance survival
Mutations- permanent changes in DNA
Natural Selection- the most “fit” survive
Reproduction, finding food, shelter, etc.

31. Evolutionary Relationships
Carolous Linnaeus- system of classification or taxonomy