1. Chapter 20 Air Pollution

2. Atmosphere as a Resource
Atmospheric Composition
__: 78.08%
__: 20.95%
__: 0.93%
__: 0.04%
Ecosystem services
Blocks _________
Moderates _________
Redistributes water

3. Air Pollution - Terminology
Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough concentrations to be harmful
Primary Air Pollutant
__________________________________________________________________________________
Secondary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Major Air Pollutants

6. Particulate Material
Thousands of solid or liquid particles suspended in air
Ex: _______________________________________________________________________
Dangerous
____________________________________

7. Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides
_______________
Greenhouse gases that cause difficulty breathing
___________________
Causes acid precipitation
_____________________
Ex: CO and CO2
Greenhouse gases
____________________________
Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases

8. Ozone Tropospheric Ozone- Vs. Stratospheric Ozone-
________________________________
_________________________________
Vs.
Stratospheric Ozone-

9. Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution
Two main sources
1. _____________
2. _____________
Intentional forest fires is also high

10. Urban Air Pollution Photochemical Smog
formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons

11. Formation of Photochemical Smog

12. Sources of Smog in Los Angeles

13. Effects of Air Pollution
Low level exposure
Irritates eyes
Causes inflammation of respiratory tract
Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

14. Children and Air Pollution
Greater health threat to children than adults
_________________________________
___________________________________

15. Controlling Air Pollution
Without Electrostatic precipitator
With Electrostatic precipitator

16. Controlling Air Pollution
Smokestacks with scrubbers
Particulate material can also be controlled

17. The Clean Air Act 1970
Authorizes EPA to set limits on amount of specific air pollutants permitted
Focuses on 6 pollutants:
________________
_________________

18. The Clean Air Act

19. Urban Air Quality

20. Other Ways to Improve Air Quality
Reduce sulfur content in gasoline
Require federal emission standards for all passenger vehicles
Require emission testing for all vehicles

21. Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere
Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation

22. Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere
Ozone thinning/hole
First identified in 1985 over Antarctica
Caused by
human-produced bromine and chlorine containing chemicals
Ex: CFCs

23. Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere
Hole over Antarctica requires 2 conditions:
a mass of cold air that circulates around the southern polar region forms clouds which Cl and Br stick to
Sunlight-speeds up the reaction in which Cl and Br break up ozone

24. Effects of Ozone Depletion
Higher levels of UV-radiation hitting the earth
______________
May ________________
May ______________________________________

25. Recovery of Ozone Layer
Montreal Protocol (1987)
Reduction of CFCs
Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas)
Full recovery will not occur until 2050

26. Acid Deposition
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere and form acids that return to the surface as either dry or wet deposition
pH scale

27. How Acid Deposition Develops

28. Effects of Acid Deposition
______________________________

29. Acid Deposition and Forest Decline

30. Air Pollution Around the World
Developing countries
__________________________________________________________________________
Shenyang, China
5 worst cities in world
Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico; Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and Calcutta, India

31. Case-In-Point Air Pollution in Beijing and Mexico City
Beijing (left)
Mexico City (above)

32. Long Distance Transport of Air Pollutants
Global Distillation Effect

33. Indoor Air Pollution
Pollutants can be 5-100X greater than outdoors!

34. Ahhhhh Clean Car Smell
Over sixty chemicals were identified inside the interiors of the four vehicles in this study.
Ten Most Toxic Nissan Versa Chevy Aveo Scion xB Kia Rio Suzuki Forenza Kia Spectra 5 Subaru Forester Chevy Express Hyundai Accent Chevy Silverado
Ten Least Toxic Chevy Cobalt Chrysler PT Cruiser Honda Odyssey Volvo V50 Suzuki Aerio Acura RDX BMW X3 Nissan Frontier Toyota Matrix Volvo S40
volatile organic chemicals (VOC’s) in a new minivan were over 35 times the health limit the day after its delivery 34