1. Solids Liquids Gases

2. BURN SUGAR (ring-stand) OR MELT CHOCOLATE
Ask students why they smell what they do?

3. Kinetic Theory of Matter
All matter is made up of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles. These tiny particles are always in motion.

4. Gas Law Assumptions
The particles in a gas are considered to be small hard spheres with an insignificant volume. (lots of empty space and electrical attraction is nil).
The motion of the particles in a gas is rapid, constant and random
The collisions between gas particles is elastic.

5. Newton’s Cradle Elastic vs Inelastic Collisions
Elastic: kinetic energy is transferred without loss from one object to another in a collision.
Is the collision elastic or inelastic?

6. Measurements indicate that the average speed of oxygen molecules in 20°C air is an amazing 1700km/h. At this speed, the odor from a hot cheese pizza in Washington, D.C., should reach Mexico city in about 115 minutes.
Why don’t we smell food from Mexico?

7. How hot or cold something is (Colloquial definition)
Bulb Thermometer
Temperature
How hot or cold something is (Colloquial definition)
The average speed (kinetic energy) of the particles in a substance. (Scientific)
↑ Speed = ↑ Temperature
↓ Speed = ↓ Temperature
Rub your hands together

8. What Happens if I add a drop of food coloring to a glass of hot and cold water?
Do this experiment.
Hot Water
Cold Water

9. White Board Brainstorm
What are the three states of matter?
Tell me something about each state of matter?

10. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

11. Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
Shape
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Volume
Particle Motion
Arrangement
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

12. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Arrangement
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

13. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Arrangement
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

14. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

15. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

16. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

17. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

18. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow)
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

19. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow)
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Close together but not locked into an orderly arrangement.
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

20. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow)
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Close together but not locked into an orderly arrangement.
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

21. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Fills a container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow)
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Close together but not locked into an orderly arrangement.
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

22. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Fills a container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Indefinite volume. Easily compressible (e.g. a balloon)
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow)
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Close together but not locked into an orderly arrangement.
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

23. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Fills a container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Indefinite volume. Easily compressible (e.g. a balloon)
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow)
Move rapidly with very high energy.
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Close together but not locked into an orderly arrangement.
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

24. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Fills a container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Indefinite volume. Easily compressible (e.g. a balloon)
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow)
Move rapidly with very high energy.
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Close together but not locked into an orderly arrangement.
Particles are very far apart.
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

25. SOLID LIQUID GAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement Picture
Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape.
Takes the shape of its container
Fills a container
Volume
Definite Volume. Not compressible.
Definite volume. Not compressible.
Indefinite volume. Easily compressible (e.g. a balloon)
Particle Motion
Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place.
Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow)
Move rapidly with very high energy.
Arrangement
Very close together in an orderly arrangement
Close together but not locked into an orderly arrangement.
Particles are very far apart.
Picture
If a liquid was compressible we could not use water to determine volume displacement
Hamper

26. Student Demonstration
Pretend you are a tiny particle and demonstrate the motion of atoms and molecules in a solid liquid and gas.

27. Hamper with Wet Clothes
What Happens if you try to stuff wet clothes inside to make more room.
Use this analogy to explain the volume of solids, liquids and gases.
Water is not easily compressible and squeezes out of the clothes. The clothes do not generally compress (solid), it is the air in between them and in their fibers that compresses or is pushed out of the way when you “smush” the cloths in…This makes sense since gas is compressible…
Demo, sucking the air out of clothes to store them…
What happens when you get into a bathtub

28. PHET Physics S-L-G
Play App

29. Liquid Party!
As a Liquid, water molecules slide around one another and move freely. They dance and are very happy, maybe a bit terrified at times but who really knows for sure.

30. Gas can really clear a room!
As a gas H20 is very sad. All of its friends are very far away and it is very lonely.

31. As Ice H20 is also Sad: the molecules lock into place and are unable to move about freely!
Have some water molecule blocks

33. Changes of State
Freezing Point: temperature at which liquid becomes a solid (Water = 0°C)
Boiling Point: temperature at which liquid becomes a gas (Water = 100°C)
Melting Point: temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid (Ice = 0°C)
Are changes of state chemical or physical changes?
Introduce state changes…..no surprise things can change from a solid, liquid and gas….
Slap students if they say chemical

34. Evaporation: When a liquid turns into a gas
Steam is High energy H20 gas
Sweating is a cooling process
Put rubbing alcohol into a cup in the cabinet….let it sit overnight….show students evaporation……
Have tea kettle making steam
Your body is equipped with a very efficient air-conditioning system: 2 million plus sweat glands that cover most of your body
When you sweat the water evaporates meaning high energy molecules are being given to the air/atmosphere, reducing your overall kinetic energy (Temperature)

35. Condensation: when gas turns into a liquid
Water forms outside a glass filled with ice and water.
Bathroom mirror after showering or a car windshield.
Ice water makes the glass really cold, as the air outside the glass comes into contact with it the temp goes below the dew point (temp at which the air is fully saturated with respect to water) so water condenses out…

36. Sublimation: when a solid turns directly into a gas
Deposition is the opposite of sublimation. Gas  solid. This is how precipitation (snowflakes) forms in clouds.
Dry Ice or Carbon Dioxide (CO2) turns directly into gas.
Ice water makes the glass really cold, as the air outside the glass comes into contact with it the temp goes below the dew point (temp at which the air is fully saturated with respect to water) so water condenses out…

38. Phase Change of Water
PG g of ice at -25C is being heated. T slowly rises to 0C in 1 minute then stays there for 6 minutes as the ice melts. Temp water rises steadily to 100C in 7 minutes then it stays constant…
Temperature does not change During a phase Change… Water boiling will stay at 100C no matter how long you let it boil.

39. What Happens if I put a balloon over an Erlenmeyer Flask and put it on a hot plate/burner? Why?
Do this experiment. Put in cold water or let it cool so it deflates on its own.
Erlenmeyer Flask
Balloon

40. What Happens if I put a balloon over an Erlenmeyer Flask with already boiling water? Why?
Do this experiment. Put in cold water or let it cool so it deflates on its own.
Erlenmeyer Flask
Balloon

41. Volume and Temperature
When you heat a substance the particles move faster and the amount of space they take up increases.
We saw this with the balloon and Erlenmeyer flask on a hot plate.
What is another word for the amount of space and object takes up?

42. Volume and Temperature
When a substance cools the particles move slower and the amount of space they take up decreases.
When cooled an inflated balloon returns to where it originally started as the particles slow down.

43. What happens to basketball when it gets cold?
The air molecules inside the ball move slower and this lowers the outward pressure and the ball deflates and loses its bounce.

44. Balloons and Expansion
Heat a balloon on a hotplate in a double boiler beaker…..then try chilling it in ice…

45. Solid Block Heat The Solid Expands
The mass stays the same but its volume increases.
What happens to the density of the object?

46. D = M/V
If a solid object has a mass of 24g and a volume of 12cm3, what is its density and what will happen if it is heated?
If the object expands to a volume of 16cm3 while being heated, what is its mass and what is its new density?
Play App
Increasing the denominator while keeping mass constant decreases the number

47. Solids do Expand
Ball and Ring Apparatus
Do Demo

48. Why do Bridges have expansion joints?

49. Summary Density Decreases as Temperature Increases
Density Increases as Temperature Decreases
Substances Expand when Heated
Substances Contract when Cooled
T↑ V↑ D↓ T↓ V↑ D↑
Students should be able to explain why based upon the Kinetic Theory of Matter.

50. Violating Kinetic Theory
What happens if you put a can of soda in the freezer and leave it there?

51. Violating Kinetic Theory
Shouldn’t it contract (get smaller) as it cools?
Why does it expand and explode?

52. Violating Kinetic Theory
Ice is colder than liquid water so shouldn’t it be more dense and sink?
Does Ice Sink in water?

53. Just the Tip of the Iceberg!!!

54. Density Ice = 0.9g/cm3
Refresh their minds that Dobject/Dwater * 100 = % submerged
Flotation Lab

55. Water is an Exception!!!!

56. Water is an Exception!!!!
Water is one of the few known substances that doesn’t always contract as it gets colder.
Water behaves normally most of the time but between 0°C and 4°C it behaves oddly.

57. Peculiar H20
Water at 4°C will EXPAND when cooled until 0°C at which point it becomes ice.
Likewise, as Ice at 0°C melts it CONTRACTS as it turns into a liquid.
Outside of this narrow range, water behaves normally but this is why soda left in the fridge explodes!

58. Water behaves oddly between 0 and 4C
(-20°C) (0°C)---(4°C) (100°C)
Water behaves oddly between 0 and 4C
Water behaves normally and contracts
when cooled and expands when heated.
Water in pipes freezing, frost wedging and mechanical erosion, lakes not freezing over totally and al fish dieing disrupting the foodchain, landscape of the world changing as there would be no polar ice caps
THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR LIFE AS WE KNOW IT!!!!

59. - O H
Printable Version +

60. O H - + Opposite Charges Attract ( + and - ) Like Charges Repel
( + and + or - and - ) O H +

62. Water as a Polar Molecule
Balloon/Comb Demo
Perform Polarity mini-Lab
Introduce Water as a polar Molecule….to explain the bonding and lattice structure…

63. Penny Drop Data
Student
# Drops