1. Chapter 1 – Population and Settlement
Review
Mr. Wilson History 404

2. Name two things that contribute to population growth?
High Birth Rate
High life expectancy
Low infant mortality rate
High immigration
Low emigration
Name two things that contribute to population growth?

3. Name two things that contribute to a decrease in the population?
Low birth rate
Low life expectancy
High infant mortality rate
Low immigration
High emigration
Name two things that contribute to a decrease in the population?

4. The majority of Quebec’s population lives where and why?
80% urban
20% rural
Why?
Better education
Better chance at finding work
More “entertainment”
The majority of Quebec’s population lives where and why?

5. Fill in the table! Fact: Explanation:
Quebec welcomes tens of thousands of immigrants each year.
If we did not, what would happen to our population? We need a high immigration rate to offset our low birth rate and our high life expectancy. More people = more money!
The population of Quebec is aging.
As our life expectancy keeps increasing, an our birth rate keeps dropping, our population is basically getting older!
Young people are leaving rural areas for the city.
As we mentioned before, better education, better job opportunities and more entertainment!
Fill in the table!

6. Before the arrival of the Europeans, the natives divided themselves based on their various lifestyles (culture, language, geography, etc.)Who were the three main nations living in Quebec and describe how each of them had different lifestyles. 
Iroquois
Algonquian
Inuit

7. The Iroquois (sedentary – agriculturalists) would trade with the Algonquians (nomadic – hunter/gatherers) in order to get “the best of both worlds.”
The Iroquois usually had surplus food from the harvest and the Algonquians usually had furs from the interior.
It was a Win-Win situation.
How did they use these differences to their advantages when trading with each other?

8. The fastest transportation in those days was by ship or canoe.
Therefore, the best location if you were interested in trade would naturally be on the water-ways.
The river was also extremely useful for things like…
Why were the first French settlements located along the St-Laurence River?

9. Name 6 different occupations practiced by the first French colonists.
Soldiers
Les Engagés
Clergy
Professionals
Craftsmen
Fur Traders
Name 6 different occupations practiced by the first French colonists.

10. Complete the table! French Behavior: Reason
They settled in Canada without requesting permission from the natives.
Considered them to be savages, no concept of ownership, they were not Christian and they had no public institutions.
They established alliances with some of the native people.
As we know, the settlers needed help when they first got there – also, the natives were instrumental in the development of the fur trade.
They participated in battles against some of the natives.
The idea was to solidify their alliances, and good alliances meant good business opportunities.
Complete the table!

11. Goal of the Settlement:
Site’s Advantage:
Quebec
Very first settlement, where the river naturally narrows, the main idea was trade!
The river suddenly gets very narrow, excellent spot for defence.
Trois-Rivieres
The main reason was the fur trade.
The site was chosen for its excellent location at the mouth of 3 different rivers – very good spot for setting up a trading post!
Ville-Marie
Evangelism – but it too became a major trading site.
Very far inland, hard to get around the rapids at this point, the island was also easy to defend if necessary.
Fill in the table…

12. War
Slavery
Disease
Loss of land
Removal of culture
List as many negative consequences of the French colonization of the Amerindian people as you can.

13. How did King Louis intend to populate his new colony?
He started by creating the Company of One Hundred Associates and gave them the contract to populate his colony.
With Jean-Talon they also created the Birth Incentives policy.
And they instituted the plan for Les Filles du Roi.
They also kept retired soldiers and there was Les Engages.
How did King Louis intend to populate his new colony?

14. More people = more money.
The greater the population of his colony, the greater the trade or production.
Thus, the more money France would make off of the colony.
Why was Louis so interested in increasing the population of New France?

15. The Elite
Professionals, Aristocrats, the Bourgeoisie
The Clergy
Bishops, priests, nuns, monks, etc.
The People
Famers, craftsmen, labourers, small merchants, servants and slaves.
What were the 3 main social groups and which one made up the majority of the colony’s population?

16. Why were there so many men willing to immigrate to New France?
It was exciting and rough.
You stood the chance at making a lot of money (if you survived!)
You could also get your own land – a better opportunity for your future children?
The opportunities in France were very limited.
Why were there so many men willing to immigrate to New France?

17. How did the French organize land distribution within the colony?
The Seigneurial system, with long pieces of land so that everyone could have access to the water.
When a seigneurie was big enough, it usually got a church and a name (St- whatever-de-whatever…)
How did the French organize land distribution within the colony?

18. The American Revolution.
This led to thousands of Loyalists fleeing to the north.
This of course had a major impact on the French speaking population that was still living there!
What happened in 1775 that had a huge impact on the population of Canada?

19. It created a lot of social tensions between the French and the English, who had very little in common.
Politically, the French were suddenly not such a huge population and therefore were not as scary.
How did this influx of new settlers from the South have an impact on the social and political differences in Canada?

20. The Potato Famine in Great Britain.
Thousands of Scottish and Irish people fled Britain for the colonies, in the hopes of finding work, land, and maybe a brighter future.
What happened in 1847 that led to a large Scottish and Irish immigration into Canada?

21. Canada started pushing for more immigration out West, with incentives like land, money, etc.
At this point a lot of Quebecers started to get fed up with the living conditions in the “Old Country” and started leaving.
After the Confederation and the completion of the Canadian Pacific railway, what was Canada’s immigration plan for the west?

22. This mass exodus from Quebec went on for quite some time.
It only stopped during the Great Depression because there were literally no jobs ANYWHERE, so leaving was not really an option.
Why were so many Quebecers emmigrating during the mid-1800’s until the 1930’s? Why did it finally stop?

23. Fill in the table… Before WWII After WWII
Factors that contributed to population growth:
High Fertility rate
Vaccination
Chlorine and water filtration
Milk Pasteurization
Improved nutrition
Economic growth
Higher standards of living
Medical insurance
Better quality food
Factors that slowed population growth:
Epidemics
Bad water and/or milk
Lack of Hygene
War
Famine
Intense cold
Disease
Little medical knowledge
Emigration
Urbanization
Women in the labour market
Consumer society
Higher standard of living
Education
Careers and personal goals
Secularization
Contraception
Fill in the table…

24. Mostly white, western European immigrants.
Why? At the time, discrimination was common and considered acceptable by most people.
What kind of immigrants was Canada interested in during the early contemporary period?

25. What was Canada’s policy for the Natives at this time?
Canada’s policy was one of assimilation.
The Indian population was disregarded and institutionalized with the intention of cultural genocide.
It was not a pretty time for Canadians.
What was Canada’s policy for the Natives at this time?

26. Summary Table Period: Population Movements:
First Occupants (10 000BC – 1608)
The move across the Bering Strait – Spreading out across North America – loss of territory after contact with the Europeans.
French Regime ( )
Settling the St-Laurence River – Mostly setting up trading posts – development of seigneuries along the St-Laurence.
British Regime ( )
Creation of Les Cantons – settling areas like Gatineau, Mauricie, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia – The arrival of the Loyalists and the populating of Ontario – The Scottish and Irish immigrants form 1847.
Contemporary (since 1867)
Completing the CP railway – settling the West – Exodus from Quebec – The Great Depression (no more leaving!)
Summary Table

27. Summary Table Period: The Birth Rate: French Regime (1608-1763)
The Company of One Hundred Associates – Les Engages – Les Filles du Roi – Jean-Talon’s Birth Incentives – Overall the Birth rate INCREASES!
British Regime ( )
Arrival of the Loyalists, then the Scottish and the Irish – Birth rate is no longer as high as it was with the French, but there is more immigration to sustain the population.
Contemporary (since 1867)
Birth rate starts to decline, people start having less children BUT the infant mortality rate goes down too, and life expectancy goes up.
Summary Table

28. Summary Table Period: Population Distribution:
First Occupants (10 000BC – 1608)
Population is very spread out!
French Regime ( )
With the arrival of the settlers, the population along the St-Laurence river starts to become more dense. And it continues to increase.
British Regime ( )
The population is still increasing, but now Ontario is starting to be more populated, so are the Maritimes and the density along the St-Laurence seaway continues to increase.
Contemporary (since 1867)
With the completion of the CP railway, Canada’s population starts to spread West. It is still largely concentrated in Quebec and Ontario along the St-Laurence seaway, and long the American border.
Summary Table