1. PowerPoint to accompany Section 1 Occupational health and safety

2. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational health and safety fundamentals  Reference must be made to the state or territory legislation referring to occupational health and safety (OH&S) in the relevant state in which the electrical worker resides. In Australia OH&S is watched over by the National Occupation Health and Safety Commission.

3. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Responsibilities, rights and obligations  The OH&S legislation in Australia and New Zealand places an absolute duty on employers and controllers of workplaces (including directors and managers) to provide a safe and healthy workplace for employees and visitors to the workplace.

4. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Health and safety committees  Health and safety committees are set up in workplaces to help resolve health, safety and welfare issues that arise in the workplace.

5. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Safety inspectors  A workplace health and safety inspector may enter any workplace and exercise their powers while they are in a workplace.

6. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Safety observers  Safety observers must receive specific instructions in their duties from the licensed electrical worker or workers on potential risks associated with the work to be performed.

7. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Housekeeping  Housekeeping is not just cleanliness, it is a significant factor in creating a safe, healthy workplace for workers.

8. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Personal protective equipment  Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to garments, equipment or barrier substances designed to be worn by a person to protect them from exposure to risks of injury or illness.

9. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition PPE for electrical work  Clothing Flame-resistant clothing (100% cotton clothing) that covers the whole body (neck to wrists and ankles) must be worn by all electrical workers involved with de-energised electrical work activities.

10. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition PPE for electrical work  Insulated gloves  Insulated gloves for working on low-voltage equipment are to be rated to the highest voltage expected when performing the task.

11. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition PPE for electrical work  Safety footwear  Safety shoes/boots must comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 210.2:2000 Occupational protective footwear – Requirements and test methods.

12. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition PPE for electrical work  Face shields  Safety face shields are to cover the full face and have no exposed metal parts and have an electrical rating suitable for the task being performed.

13. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Personal protective equipment  All PPE must be checked regularly for condition, cleanliness and use-by dates and the storage of PPE must be appropriate.  If electrical workers do not use the correct PPE they will continue to be involved in accidents and they will suffer injuries.

14. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Work environment Worksite  A worksite means the place of employment, base of operation or location of workers.  It includes all of the employer’s buildings or facilities located within the same building and their parking facilities.

15. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Work environment Induction  Induction is a legislative requirement.  The Workplace Health and Safety Act states that a manager has an obligation to protect the health and safety of workers and others by ensuring that they are not exposed to risks to their health and safety arising from their employment and that they have enough information, training and supervision to stay safe.

16. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Work environment The work environment  In today’s changing times safe premises, buildings and security addresses not only natural disasters but also crime, violence in the workplace and acts of terrorism.  Security means the protection of the premises, the employees working there, visitors and assets.

17. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Work environment Standard work procedure  Standard work means implementing specific, efficient plans of action for each task or process undertaken in a workplace.  It starts with identifying the generally accepted safe and sound practice (best way) to perform a particular task, then developing methods and procedures.

18. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Work environment

19. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Work environment Hazards at the worksite  The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2001 define a hazard as ‘anything (including work practices or procedures) that has the potential to harm the health or safety of a person’.

20. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Work environment Hazards can be classified into five broad areas:  1. physical: noise, radiation, light, vibration  2. chemical: poisons, dusts, lead, solvents  3. biological: viruses, plants, parasites, vermin, insects, mites, wood and other plant material (allergies), infections (tuberculosis), viruses (from needlestick injuries)  4. mechanical/electrical: slips, trips and falls, tools, electrical equipment  5. psychological: fatigue, violence, bullying, stress.

21. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Work environment Six levels of control measures, in order of priority.  1. Elimination—stop whatever is causing the hazard.  2. Substitution—use a lower hazard alternative.  3. Isolation—separate use from the rest of the workplace.  4. Engineering controls—install equipment that will reduce exposure or risk.  5. Safe work practices—change the way people work.  6. Personal protective equipment (PPE)—gloves, goggles, ear plugs and respirators, for example, can reduce worker contact and exposure to the hazard.

22. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational environment safety signs  The aim of occupational environment safety signs is to regulate and control safety-related behaviour, to warn workers and members of the general public of health and safety hazards and to provide emergency information, including fire protection information.

23. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational environment Prohibition signs  Prohibition signs indicate that an action or activity is not permitted.

24. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational environment Mandatory signs  Mandatory signs indicate that an instruction must be carried out.

25. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational environment Restriction signs  Restriction signs place a numerical or other defined limit on an activity or use of a facility.

26. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational environment Danger signs  Danger signs warn of a particular hazard or hazardous condition that is likely to be life threatening.

27. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational environment Warning signs  Warning signs warn of a hazard or hazardous condition that is not likely to be life threatening.

28. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational environment Emergency information signs  Emergency information signs indicate the location of, or directions to, emergency-related facilities such as exits, safety equipment or first aid facilities.

29. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Occupational environment Fire signs  Fire signs advise the location of fire alarms and fire-fighting equipment.

30. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Fires  Fire protection in the workplace requires appropriate means of extinguishing local fires in all locations where workers are employed.  These locations should have adequate safety notices to instruct, warn and guide workers about possible fires.

31. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Fires  For fire to exist, four elements must be present at the same time:  1. some sort of fuel or combustible material  2. oxygen to sustain combustion  3. heat to raise the combustible material to its ignition temperature  4. a chemical reaction.

32. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Fires

33. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Fires  To use a fire extinguisher properly all you have to remember is PASS.  P—Pull the safety pin  A—Aim at the base of the fire  S—Squeeze the trigger  S—Sweep at the base of the flame from side to side

34. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Fires  Fire blankets extinguish fire by smothering the surface of the fuel to remove the oxygen element of the fire.

35. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Workplace emergencies  A workplace emergency is a situation that threatens workers or the public, disrupts or shuts down workplace operations or causes physical or environmental damage.

36. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Workplace emergencies Emergencies may be naturally caused or man- made and can include the following:  cyclones  floods  fires  explosions  chemical spills  toxic gas releases  workplace violence

37. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Workplace emergencies An emergency action plan:  1. A method for reporting fires and other emergencies.  2. An evacuation policy and procedure.  3. Emergency escape procedures.  4. Emergency phone numbers of designated persons.  5. Actions for designated workers who stay.  6. Rescue and medical duties for workers.

38. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Manual handling  The term ‘manual handling’ is used to describe any activity requiring the use of the hands or bodily force applied by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, heave, carry, move, support or restrain an object, person or animal.

39. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Manual handling Manual handling injuries Injuries most frequently associated with manual handling include:  back injuries—spine, joints, ligaments, muscles and intervertebral discs  fractures—to the fingers, hand, feet and toes  lacerations—to the hands and fingers  crush injuries—to the fingers (See text for other injuries)

40. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Manual handling

41. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Manual handling Examples of actions that may cause manual handling injuries are:  sudden, jerky or hard to control movements such as hammer drilling.  bending, reaching or twisting such as installing cables.  where a long time is spent in the same posture or position such as working in confined spaces within ceilings.

42. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Manual handling Further examples of actions that may cause manual handling injuries are:  Activities that are fast and repetitious such as coil turns placement in stator slots.  Activities where heavy equipment has to be lifted and carried manually, for example air- conditioners and stoves.  Activities where force is needed to carry out a task such as when using screwdrivers or spanners.

43. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Manual handling Procedures for lifting Assess the risk factors according to the load including:  type of load—glass, drum, etc.  weight of load  size of load  distance the load has to be carried or moved  route  placement requirements

44. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Manual handling

45. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Manual handling Alternative materials-handling aids  Alternative materials-handling aids for carrying or moving loads should to be used whenever possible to minimise lifting and bending activity.  These alternative materials-handling aids include use of lift truck, scissors lift truck, pallet truck and other mechanical devices—levers, crowbars, gloves.

46. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace  The word ‘chemicals’ includes substances such as paint, glue, cleaning agents, fuel, pesticides and solvents.

47. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace It is important to know which dangerous goods produce toxic gas;  which are highly flammable;  which are dangerous when wet; or  which are dangerous when they come into contact with air.

48. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace

49. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace

50. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace

51. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Material safety data sheets  Material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and labels indicate whether or not the chemical substance or material is considered a hazardous substance.

52. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Material safety data sheets MSDSs contain information such as:  a statement indicating whether it has been classified as hazardous to health in accordance with NOHSC criteria  the contents  what it should be used for and how to use it safely  its health effects  first aid instructions  advice about safe storage and handling.

53. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Material safety data sheets  MSDSs are the primary source of chemical hazard information and must be readily accessible to workers.  They should contain all pertinent physical and health hazard information, exposure limits, precautions for safe handling and use and applicable control measures including PPE use requirements.

54. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace Storage procedures When storing chemical substances:  1. Make a register of every chemical substance to be stored. The register must contain details of all dangerous goods and hazardous substances currently used, stored or handled on the premises.  2. Obtain from the supplier an MSDS for each chemical substance.

55. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace Labelling  If you transfer chemical substances into a secondary container, ensure that the new container is properly labelled.

56. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace Storage  Manage your stock—only keep minimum amounts.  Label shelves and storage cabinets with a segregation scheme so that chemical substances can be put away in the right place quickly.  Refer to MSDSs for specific chemical substance incompatibilities.  Ensure that the storage cabinets are locked.  Do not store liquids above solids

57. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Chemicals in the workplace Storage (cont.)  Limit the size of containers where possible to ≤ 5 L/kg.  Always store corrosives on spill trays—kitty litter trays are ideal.  Do not overload shelves.  Do not store containers on the floor.  Dispose of outdated chemical substances including all portable LPG cylinders that are not in test (i.e. 10 years).

58. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights  Not all electrical installation work can be done on the ground floor or at floor level.  To perform installation work above these levels ladders or scaffolding is required.

59. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Ladder hazards  Ladder accidents are usually caused by inappropriate selection, lack of maintenance or unsafe use.  Some of the more common hazards involving ladders, such as unsteadiness, falls and electric shock, can be foreseen and prevented.

60. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Hazard prevention  Always face the ladder when ascending or descending.  Ascend or descend one rung at a time.  Always have three limbs (two arms and one leg or one arm and two legs) on the ladder rungs at one time.  Never hand-carry equipment or tools on a ladder—use tool belts.

61. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Hazard prevention (cont.)  Never over-reach in order to carry out a task; move the ladder.  Always place the ladder on firm or level ground.  Ensure that the support for the top of the ladder is secure.  To prevent a ladder from slipping use non-skid feet, spurs, tie off the top and bottom or have another person place their foot against the base.  Do not stand on the ladder’s top three rungs.

62. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Hazard prevention (cont.)  Check the ladder for a damaged side rail which may cause one side of a ladder to give way.  The base of a single or extension ladder should be at a slope of 4:1 (1 m high, 250 mm out) away from the structure it leans against.  Ladders used to reach a walking surface or roof must extend at least 1 m beyond.  Extension ladders need both locks holding to prevent overloading a rail.

63. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Hazard prevention (cont.)  Do not use wet wooden or fibreglass ladders as electrical shock can occur. Not only is the shock itself hazardous, but its effect can also cause a fall resulting in injury.  Never leave ladders unattended.  Only one person may be on a ladder at any one time.  Never ‘walk’ a ladder to an adjacent location by standing on the ladder and lifting a stile.

64. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Ladder types The safety inspection of ladders should look for the following:  stiles: broken, split, cracked, decayed  rungs or treads: missing, broken, split, cracked, decayed, corroded, worn, dirty  fittings: broken, worn, loose, faulty  spreaders and ropes: broken, worn, decayed  safety feet: broken, worn, faulty

65. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights All ladders used by electricians should have the following information permanently marked on the ladder:  manufacturer’s name  load rating (in kg)  working length of the ladder

66. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Step ladders are used when installing lighting points, ceiling fans and other electrical equipment.

67. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Single-length and extension ladders  Before working at height, identify all hazards, assess their risks and prepare a safe work procedure.  Fall-arrest equipment will be essential for some tasks.

68. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights

69. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Scaffolds  A scaffold is any temporary elevated platform and its structure which is used for supporting workers or materials or both.  Regulations govern the safe use of scaffolds and these vary from state to state.

70. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Scaffolds must be erected by a construction worker called a scaffolder on construction sites.

71. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Elevated work platforms  An elevated work platform (EWP) consists of a telescoping device, scissor device, boom lift or articulating device used to raise or lower workers, equipment and material to and from a work location above the EWP’s support surface.

72. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights

73. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working at heights Elevated work platforms: Risks to workers can arise from:  Lack of training in proper use.  No pre-planning for activities to be carried out.  Not using additional safety equipment.  Over-reaching by operators from the worker box.  Lack of suitable maintenance or repair.  Use on unstable ground or in extreme weather conditions such as wind and storms.

74. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Confined spaces  A confined space is an enclosed, or partly enclosed, area which is not planned, or intended, principally as a place of work.  In addition, a confined space may have a restricted means for entry and exit.

75. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Confined spaces Confined spaces may include the following:  Open spaces—drains, trenches and pits  Tunnel-type spaces—sewers, pedestrian tunnels, ductwork, shafts and lift wells  Building space—unventilated ceiling space, basements and cold rooms, storage rooms, closets, plant rooms and crane cages  Moving space—lifts  Tanks and vessels—storage tanks, pressure vessels, vacuum vessels, boilers and silos

76. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Confined spaces

77. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Confined spaces

78. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Confined spaces Portable gas detectors  Without appropriate gas detection hazardous atmospheres within confined spaces may significantly affect the health of any entry person.  Many airborne contaminants cannot be detected by smell or vision and can only be sensed with special detectors.

79. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards Industrial noise  Noise is defined as unwanted sound.  Industrial noise for workers can become a major industrial disease which threatens the quality of life. Unpleasant health effects of industrial noise include hearing loss, sleep disturbances, job performance reduction and frustrated communication responses (some sounds are still loud, others are not heard and this makes speech difficult to understand).

80. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards There are two basic types of personal protection for noise.

81. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards Vibration  Vibration motion can be in one or more directions—up and down, side to side, front to rear or rotational.  A worker who regularly and frequently is exposed to high levels of vibration can suffer permanent injury.

82. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards Vibration The extent of damage vibration causes to the human body depends on:  the length of time of exposure  the frequency (motion) at which the vibration occurs  the amplitude of vibration

83. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards Ultraviolet radiation  Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a known cause of skin cancer, skin ageing and eye damage and may affect the body’s immune system.  Therefore it is essential that all workers exposed to UV radiation at work should be given training so that they understand the risks associated with UV exposure.

84. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards Overuse syndrome  Occupational overuse syndrome (OS) is a form of injury which affects tendons, joints and muscles in the fingers, hands, wrists and elbows.  It is caused by repetitive movements or an uncomfortable working stance stressing the body parts beyond their physical limit.  OS is also known as repetitive strain injury, or RSI.

85. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards Stress  Workers experience work-related stress when they feel that they are unable to cope with the working environment demands placed upon them.

86. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards When a worker is exposed to constant, extended work-related stress, they may experience physical and emotional symptoms such as:  frequent headaches  feeling frustrated and irritable or angry  loss of energy and motivation  changes in appetite and weight  sleep difficulties  generally feeling worn out or run down

87. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards Drugs and alcohol  The rights of persons to drink and take drugs socially are acknowledged, but when work performance suffers or fellow workers are endangered then some action must be taken.

88. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Physical and psychological hazards Drug and alcohol abusers in the workplace can be difficult to identify but there are some signs that indicate possible drug and alcohol problems. These include:  regular and often unexplained absences  involvement in workplace accidents  unreliable work patterns and reduced productivity  lack of concern with respect to personal hygiene  overreaction to real or imagined criticism

89. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity The physiological effects of current  When working on or near electric circuits capable of delivering high power, electric shock becomes more of a reality and pain is the least significant outcome of electric shock.  Electric shock is a general term for the excitation or confusion of the purpose of nerves or muscles caused by the passage of an electric current.

90. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Body resistance  The resistance of the body from hand to hand or from hand to foot is variable and depends upon the area of electric contact and whether that area is dry, moist or wet.

91. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Physiological sensations of current  Practically speaking, the fault current can neither be predetermined nor discovered after an electric shock.  The physiological values of current are suitable only for research on deciding on permissible leakage currents for electrical devices.

92. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity

93. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Effect of voltage frequency  It is unfortunate that mains voltage is generated at a frequency of 50 Hz, because at this frequency voltage finds resonance with the nerve endings within the human body, producing maximum excitation and therefore control of the nerves.

94. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Burns There are five possible burns that a person who has suffered electric shock could experience.  1. The first is point of contact and exit burns that are local and can be just white skin or deep, reaching to the bone.  2. The second is arc burns that can be very extensive especially if the person experiences a high-voltage flashover. Arcs are extremely hot. The person will be badly scarred from the experience and may lose limbs.

95. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Burns (cont.)  3. The third type of burn concerns radiation similar to sunburn from the intensity of the arc.  4. Fourthly, burns from the vaporised metal of a conductor can saturate the face or hands.  5. Finally, high voltage allows a fault current to flow with impunity into the body of a person, causing contact burns that can punch through the layers of the skin destroying tissue below. Burns caused on the body of a person are sterile and heal very quickly.

96. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity The fundamental principles  The Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 3000:2007 Wiring rules ‘Protection for Safety’ lists 10 fundamental principles for protection against the physiological effects of current.  The carrying out of these 10 principles is intended to ensure the safety of persons, livestock and property against dangers and damage that may arise in the reasonable use of electrical installations.

97. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Causes of electrical accidents  Risks for systems electricians arise in a work situation because it is sometimes difficult to find faults or malfunctions in electrical equipment when the equipment is not operating.

98. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Some common causes of electrical accidents in fault finding or repair include:  exposed live terminals  terminals or conductors being live under different conditions of operation of the equipment  loose or disconnected leads becoming live  test equipment conducting the potential closer to the systems electrician  test equipment being the wrong class for the task (particularly test probes)

99. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Some further common causes of electrical accidents in fault finding or repair include:  inadequate test points  incorrect or poorly maintained testing instruments  inadequate knowledge of equipment or causes of faults  equipment located in hazardous areas, which often include bolt-on or screw-on covers  working alone on live equipment or installations

100. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Permit-to-work system  A permit-to-work system is a formal written system using a systematic disciplined approach to assessing the risks of a task and specifying the precautions to be taken when performing live work, hot work (work involving welding, thermal or oxygen cutting, heating, grinding and other fire-producing or spark-producing operations), roof access, excavation, elevated work (a permit is required for all forms of mechanical work platforms and scaffolding), high-voltage work and/or working in a confined space.

101. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Clearance certificates  A clearance certificate is a permit for entry for workers required to undertake installation or maintenance work in hazardous locations such as laboratories, animal houses, glasshouses, chemical stores and flammable fluid stores.

102. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity Isolation permissions  It is the responsibility of all workers and contractors performing work within a worksite to ensure the safety of themselves as well as other occupants of the building or work area.

103. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Working with electricity The following items must be planned in advance prior to commencing isolation work:  The time for the isolation to start.  The extent of the isolation to ensure the electrical equipment to be worked on is removed from all sources of supply.  The operation of control devices which may inadvertently energise the installation or equipment to be worked on.  Information provided in a formal written system.

104. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures  Fuses and circuit breakers are intended primarily for the protection of conductors and equipment.  They prevent overheating of conductors that might otherwise create hazards for installations.  They also open the circuit under certain hazardous earth-fault conditions in an MEN (multiple earth neutral) system.  Second, these protective devices may protect persons against electric shock.

105. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures Fuse  This device will open a circuit when a predetermined excess of current flows.  It may be able to be rewired or alternatively may incorporate a wire embedded in insulating powder within a cartridge case.

106. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures Circuit breaker  This is a form of switch which opens automatically if the circuit is overloaded;  it may operate on either a thermal or magnetic principle.

107. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures Earthing  The external metal casing of electrical equipment, cables and conduit must be earthed.  The reason for this is to prevent the metal rising to dangerous voltage because if an earth fault such as high-resistance earth occurred, the touch voltage could be quite high.

108. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures Separated extra-low voltage (SELV)  This is a means of protecting persons against electric shock. SELV is defined as not more than 50 V ac or 120 V ripple-free dc, measured between conductors or to earth.

109. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures Residual current device  A residual current device (RCD) or safety switch is a device that immediately trips out the electricity supply in the event of a fault to earth (current leaking to earth).

110. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures Isolation of electrical supply  Without isolating the electricity source, the systems electrician would be working on a live circuit.  The systems electrician would be vulnerable to electrical hazards including electric shock, electrical flashover and short-circuit.

111. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures Low-voltage systems  Low voltage is defined as voltage exceeding 50 V rms ac or 120 V ripple-free dc but not exceeding 1000 V rms or 1500 V dc.

112. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Protective measures  Clearance is defined as the shortest distance between two conductive parts or between a conductive part and the outer surface of an enclosure, when the distance is measured through air.  Creepage is the shortest path between the two conductive parts or between the conductive part and the outer surface of an enclosure, when the path is measured along the surface of the insulation.

113. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards There are three categories of common electrical hazards:  electric shock  arcing  toxic gasses associated with the arcing hazard.

114. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards Electric shock  Low-voltage contact can cause severe shock and burn injuries and even death. The shock experience can be received by direct contact with a live part, arcing (if the neutrals are connected at a common terminal, as can exist with some equipment, when the circuit being worked on is isolated another circuit may be alive allowing the disconnected neutral to become live when disconnected at the common terminal) or tracking (equipment leakage currents associated with appliances such as ranges).

115. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards Arcing  A short-circuit fault can cause an intense, determined and rapidly intensifying arc of electrical energy to be established within a very small interval in time.  This energy when released suddenly will result in terrible burns on anyone within the arc’s range.

116. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards Toxic gasses  The arcing and burning associated with a low- voltage electrical fault may cause toxic gasses to be emitted which can have an adverse effect on a target organ.  The effect may be severe if carcinogens are present.

117. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards Other low-voltage electrical hazards include:  wiring not in conformance with the Standards  exposed electrical parts  contact with overhead supply  defective/inadequate insulation  improper earthing of equipment  overloaded circuits (can produce heat or arcing)  damaged power tools, equipment and testing devices

118. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards Controlling low-voltage hazards  Most incidents involving low-voltage hazards are preventable.  The most effective are those which eliminate or reduce the consequences of the hazard.

119. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards Extra-low voltage  Extra-low voltage is defined as voltage not exceeding 50 V rms ac or 120 V or less ripple- free dc. Voltages at these levels are usually not hazardous but hazards may exist under certain conditions.

120. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards High currents  Systems electricians need to be aware that if working on live circuits, fault current of up to 20 times the rated current of the supply can flow during fault conditions.  High current means greater damage to the body as a result of heating within tissues.

121. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards High-voltage hazards  The term ‘high voltage’ applies to electrical equipment that operates at more than 1000 V ac rms or 1500 V dc. The state or territory Electrical Safety Act, regulations, AS/NZS 3000:2007 Wiring rules and codes of practice and HV isolation and access procedures manuals must always be consulted when any high-voltage work is intended to be undertaken.

122. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards Electrical safety audit checklist  A well-planned and executed electrical safety audit can bring out many hazards and safety omissions that could reduce dangers to persons and equipment.  Audits are an important part of a control system because they ensure that persons are working in a safe manner.

123. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Common electrical hazards

124. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Rescue from a live situation  When working on or near live electrical equipment, a fully equipped low-voltage rescue kit must be at or near the worksite.  The items in the rescue kit must be ‘in test’ before starting installation work.

125. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Rescue from a live situation Low-voltage rescue kit  A rescue kit should contain the following equipment and be inspected every six months to ensure all items are present, in good condition and gloves are ‘in test’. 1. fibreglass-insulated crook 2. 1000 V rated insulating gloves 3. ‘Isolate Here in Emergency’ sign 4. Burn dressings and fire blanket 5. Fire extinguisher 6. Torch

126. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Rescue from a live situation Rescue from low-voltage equipment The steps for rescuing a victim from live low-voltage equipment after receiving an electric shock are:  Call 000 first. (For mobile phones only, dial 112)  Assess the scene for danger before trying to assist the casualty.  Put on insulating gloves.  Isolate the supply.

127. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Rescue from a live situation Steps (cont.)  Free the casualty using the insulated crook.  Extinguish flames if required.  Drag the casualty to a safe area.  Assess the casualty’s condition.  Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation if required.  Place the casualty in the recovery position and await medical professionals.  Remain with the casualty.

128. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Life support/cardiopulmonary resuscitation First aid  First aid is the emergency treatment of an injury or illness at an initial level until skilled medical assistance arrives.

129. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Life support/cardiopulmonary resuscitation The priority action plan  The priority action plan as suggested by the St John Ambulance is a step-by-step strategy for managing the emergency incident.  The acronym SRABCS (safety, response, airway, breathing, circulation and severe bleeding) is used as guidance for the action plan.

130. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Life support/cardiopulmonary resuscitation Emergency procedure at an accident  When approaching an accident scene:  Look around for dangers.  Check casualties and their response.  Call 000 (112 from mobile phones).  Care for injuries.

131. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Life support/cardiopulmonary resuscitation  One of the most common and intense emotions at the time of a medical emergency for some first aiders is fear (fear of death, fear of failure and fear of negative consequences), which can quickly result in panic.

132. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Legal and ethical issues  The following information does not represent legal advice and all first aiders should seek legal advice from a law practitioner.  For the most part, it is reasonable to assume that a person experiencing an emergency incident wants to have aid provided to help recover or survive.  However, for a conscious person consent needs to be obtained before commencing any intervention.

133. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Legal and ethical issues Duty of care  Duty of care is based on the principle of reasonableness, and is founded in the law of negligence.  A person has to conduct themselves in their working life in a way that is considered reasonable for someone in their position to do.

134. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Legal and ethical issues  Negligence occurs when there is a failure to exercise a degree of reasonable care under the circumstances. Four important issues must be proven in court: 1. That there existed a duty to act on the part of the defendant towards the plaintiff. 2. That the duty was breached. 3. That the circumstances that led to the breach were foreseeable. 4. That the breach of duty was the proximate cause of an actual injury to the plaintiff.

135. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Legal and ethical issues Reasonably prudent individual  Upon re-creation of the events that took place during the administering of first aid, the behaviour of the first aider will be compared to what the reasonably prudent person in similar circumstances would have done.

136. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition Legal and ethical issues Good Samaritan  The Good Samaritan doctrine is a legal principle that prevents a first aider who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for ‘wrongdoing’ with respect to the administration of first aid only.  Its purpose is to keep people from being reluctant to help a stranger in need for fear of legal repercussions if they made some mistake in treatment.

137. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Casualty examination  Determine the casualty’s level of consciousness via gentle touching and loud talking.  Do not shake the casualty.

138. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information COWS This is used to remind first aid providers of some simple steps that will help to determine a casualty’s ability to respond. These are:  Can you hear me?  Open your eyes.  What’s your name?  Squeeze my hands.

139. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Checking vital signs  If a person is unconscious the first step is to check their mouth for any items blocking the airway.  These items could include their tongue, food or vomit.

140. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Rescue breathing  The term ‘rescue breathing’ has replaced ‘expired air resuscitation’ (EAR).  The guidelines now recommend that full CPR be given to all those requiring resuscitation.

141. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Chest compressions  When there are no signs of life present (the casualty is unconscious, unresponsive and not moving) then the rescuer should commence CPR.  When engaging in chest compressions: The compression ventilation ratio is 30:2 (30 compressions to two ventilations) for infants, children and adults.

142. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Level of consciousness  Level of consciousness is a term used to describe a person’s alertness and understanding of what is occurring in their surrounds.

143. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Levels of consciousness An AVPU scale is used to determine levels of consciousness.  A = Alert  V = responds to Voice  P = responds to Pain  U = Unresponsive

144. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Clinical shock  Clinical shock is brought on by the body’s circulatory system failing to deliver a sufficient supply of blood to all parts of the body following severe injuries.

145. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Treatment for shock involves the following:  1. Lay the casualty down.  2. Elevate the legs by 30 cm to return the blood supply to the brain.  3. Control any bleeding (if necessary).  4. Loosen the casualty’s clothing and cover the casualty to maintain body temperature.  5. Only moisten the casualty’s lips with water.  6. Comfort and reassure the casualty.

146. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Bleeding  Bleeding is frequently the most serious risk to an injured person's life.  When treating any minor cut or laceration, you must stop the bleeding.  In most cases a minor wound will begin to clot with steady pressure applied for about 15 minutes.

147. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Broken bones  Broken bones, also called fractures, are among the most common orthopaedic injuries.  If you're not sure what bone is broken or you think the neck or back is broken, do not try to move the injured person.

148. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition First aid information Burns  Burns are often categorised as first-, second-, or third-degree burns, depending on how badly the skin is damaged.  First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness and swelling.  Second-degree burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling and blistering.  Third-degree burns extend into deeper tissues. They cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb.

149. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442523258/Hampson/Electrotechnology Practice/2nd edition  END