1. EARTH SCIENCE Geology, the Environment and the Universe
Chapter 2: Mapping Our World

2. Section 2.1 Latitude and Longitude Section 2.2 Types of Maps
CHAPTER2
Table Of Contents
Section 2.1 Latitude and Longitude
Section 2.2 Types of Maps
Section 2.3 Remote Sensing
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3. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Essential Questions
What is the difference between latitude and longitude?
Why is it important to give a city’s complete coordinates when describing its location?
Why are there different time zones from one geographic area to the next?

4. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth.
Review Vocabulary
time zone: a geographic region within which the same standard time is used

5. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
New Vocabulary
cartography
equator
latitude
longitude
prime meridian
International Date Line

6. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude
Maps are flat models of three-dimensional objects.
The science of mapmaking is called cartography.

7. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude
The equator is an imaginary horizontal line located at 0 latitude that circles Earth and separates it into two equal halves.
Latitude is the distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator.

8. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude
The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude.

9. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Longitude
Longitude is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.
The prime meridian is an imaginary line that represents 0 longitude.
Lines of longitude, also called meridians, are semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole.

10. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Longitude
The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian, the center of Earth, and the line of longitude.

11. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Longitude
Using coordinates
Both latitude and longitude are needed to locate precise positions on Earth.

12. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Longitude
Time zones
In most cases, each of Earth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a line of longitude and represents a different hour. However, there are some exceptions.

13. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Longitude
The International Date Line, 180 meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days.
Traveling west across the International Date Line advances your calendar one day.
Traveling east moves your calendar back one day.

14. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Please click the image above to view the interactive table.

15. Lines of longitude are always parallel to each other.
SECTION2.1
Section Check
Lines of longitude are always parallel to each other.
a. true
b. false

16. Where on Earth is 0 latitude?
SECTION2.1
Section Check
Where on Earth is 0 latitude?
a. the North Pole
b. the South Pole
c. the equator
d. the prime meridian

18. Types of Maps Essential Questions
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Essential Questions
What are the different types of maps?
Why are different maps used for different purposes?
How are gradients on a topographic map calculated?

19. Types of Maps Review Vocabulary
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms.
Review Vocabulary
parallel: extending in the same direction and never intersecting

20. Types of Maps New Vocabulary Mercator projection conic projection
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
New Vocabulary
Mercator projection
conic projection
gnomonic projection
topographic map
contour line
contour interval
geologic map
map legend
map scale

21. Types of Maps Projections
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Projections
Cartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper.

22. Types of Maps Projections
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Projections
A Mercator projection is a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude.
It clearly indicates direction in straight lines.
It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.

23. Types of Maps Projections
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Projections
A conic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.
It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas.
It is used to make road maps and weather maps.

24. Types of Maps Projections
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Projections
A gnomonic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point.
It is most useful for planning long travel routes.
It is used for navigation.

25. Types of Maps Please click the image above to view the video.
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Please click the image above to view the video.

26. Types of Maps Topographic Maps
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
Topographic maps are detailed maps that use contour lines, symbols, and colors to represent changes in elevation and features on Earth’s surface.

27. Types of Maps Topographic Maps
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
A contour line connects points of equal elevation on a topographic map.
The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines is called the contour interval.

28. Types of Maps Topographic Maps
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation.
Depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line, to indicate the direction of elevation change.

29. Types of Maps Geologic Maps
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Geologic Maps
A geologic map is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks located below the soil. It may also show geologic features such as fault lines.

30. Types of Maps Please click the image above to view the video.
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Please click the image above to view the video.

31. Types of Maps Topographic Maps Three-dimensional maps
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
Three-dimensional maps
When scientists need to visualize Earth three-dimensionally, they often rely on computers to digitize features such as rivers, mountains, valleys, and hills.

32. Types of Maps Map Legends
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Map Legends
A map legend explains what the symbols on a map represent.

33. Types of Maps Map Scales
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Map Scales
A map scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth.
Verbal Scales
When referring to maps, verbal scales are statements used to express distance.

34. Types of Maps Map Scales Graphic scales
SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Map Scales
Graphic scales
Graphic scales consist of a line that represents a certain distance. These are the most common types of map scale.
Fractional scales
Fractional scales express distance as a ratio between two units of the same type.

35. Why do some time zone boundaries have an irregular shape?
SECTION2.2
Section Check
Why do some time zone boundaries have an irregular shape?

36. SECTION2.2
Section Check
Answer: Some time zone boundaries were drawn to have irregular shapes for convenience. To avoid confusion, some boundaries were adjusted so that they did not divide a particular town or city.

37. Topographic contours on a map can never cross.
SECTION2.2
Section Check
Topographic contours on a map can never cross.
a. true
b. false

38. SECTION2.2
Section Check
Maps are produced at various scales. At which fractional scale does one unit on the map represent the largest distance on the ground?
a. 1:20,000
b. 1:40,000
c. 1:63,500
d. 1:100,000

39. SECTION2.2
Section Check
A geologic map has many different colors. What do the colors represent?
a. different surface temperatures
b. different types of rock formations
c. different geologic terrain
d. different elevations

41. Remote Sensing Essential Questions
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
Essential Questions
What are some of the different types of remote sensing?
How are satellites and sonar used to map Earth’s surface and its oceans?
What is the Global Positioning System and how does it work?

42. Remote Sensing Review Vocabulary
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps.
Review Vocabulary
satellite: natural or human-made object that orbits Earth, the Moon, or another celestial body

43. Remote Sensing New Vocabulary remote sensing Landsat satellite sonar
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
New Vocabulary
remote sensing
Landsat satellite
sonar
Global Positioning System
Geographic Information System

44. Remote Sensing Landsat Satellite
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
Landsat Satellite
The process of gathering data about Earth using instruments mounted on satellites, airplanes, or ships is called remote sensing.
Landsat satellites record reflected wavelengths of visible light and infrared radiation from Earth’s surface, and then computers convert the information into digital images.

45. Remote Sensing Landsat Satellite
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
Landsat Satellite
Landsat data are used to study pollution, the movements of Earth’s plates, and the melting of glaciers and ice caps.

46. OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite
One satellite that uses radar to measure and map sea surface height is the OSTM/Jason-2 satellite.
Radar uses high-frequency signals that are transmitted from the satellite to the surface of the ocean. A receiving device then picks up the returning echo as it is reflected off the water.

47. OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite
Using OSTM/Jason-2 data, scientists are able to estimate global sea levels with an accuracy of just a few millimeters.
Scientists can use this data combined with other existing data to create maps of ocean-floor features.

48. Remote Sensing SeaBeam
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
SeaBeam
Sonar is the use of sound waves to detect and measure objects underwater.
SeaBeam technology uses sonar to map the ocean floor from a ship.

49. Remote Sensing SeaBeam
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
SeaBeam
A sound wave is sent from a ship toward the ocean floor. A receiving device picks up the returning echo when it bounces off the seafloor.
A computer calculates the distance from the ship to the ocean floor using the speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the sound to be reflected.

50. Remote Sensing SeaBeam
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
SeaBeam
SeaBeam technology is used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling operations, oceanographers, volcanologists, and archaeologists.

51. The Global Positioning System
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
The Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite navigation system that allows users to locate their approximate position on Earth.
These satellites can also relay information to a GPS receiver about elevation, direction of movement, and speed.

52. The Global Positioning System
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
The Global Positioning System
Uses for GPS technology
GPS technology is used extensively in navigation by airplanes and ships.
GPS receivers also help people in everyday life to find a destination or determine their current location.

53. The Geographic Information System
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
The Geographic Information System
The Geographic Information System (GIS) uses a worldwide database to create layers, or “themes,” of information that can be placed one on top of the other to create a comprehensive map.

54. The Geographic Information System
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
The Geographic Information System
GIS map layers remain linked to the original information, so if the original information changes, the GIS layers also change. The result is a map that is always up-to-date.

55. Visualizing GPS Satellites
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
Visualizing GPS Satellites
GPS receivers detect signals from the 24 GPS satellites orbiting Earth. Using signals from at least three satellites, the receiver can calculate location within 10 m.

56. Remote Sensing Please click the image above to view the video.
SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
Please click the image above to view the video.

57. SECTION2.3
Section Check
At least how many Global Positioning System satellites are needed to fix a location?
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five

58. SECTION2.3
Section Check
A radar signal is sent from a satellite to the ocean’s surface. What information must be known to calculate distance from the return echo?
a. speed and time of the echo
b. wavelength and time of the echo
c. power and speed of the echo
d. time and power of the echo

59. SECTION2.3
Section Check
What advantages does remote sensing have over other methods of data acquisition?
Answer: Remote sensing allows data to be acquired from a large region quickly, and the data can be updated frequently. Remote sensing can also be used to acquire data from remote locations that would be difficult to observe directly.

61. Mapping Our World Earth Science Online Study Guide
CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Resources
Earth Science Online
Study Guide
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

62. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Study Guide
Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth.
Latitude lines run parallel to the equator.
Longitude lines run from pole to pole.

63. Latitude and Longitude
SECTION2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Study Guide
Both latitude and longitude lines are necessary to locate exact places on Earth.
Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each 15 wide, that help regulate daylight hours across the world.

64. SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Study Guide
Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms.
Different types of projections are used for different purposes.
Geologic maps help Earth scientists study patterns in subsurface geologic formations.

65. SECTION2.2
Types of Maps
Study Guide
Maps often contain a map legend that allows the user to determine what the symbols on the map signify.
The map scale allows the user to determine the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth.

66. SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
Study Guide
New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps.
Remote sensing is an important part of modern cartography.
Satellites are used to gather data about features of Earth’s surface.

67. SECTION2.3
Remote Sensing
Study Guide
Sonar is also used to gather data about features of Earth’s surface.
GPS is a navigational tool that is now used in many everyday items.

68. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Chapter Assessment
The contours at a location on a topographic map are very close together. What does this suggest about the land surface?
a. The land has a high elevation.
b. The land has a low elevation.
c. The land has a steep slope.
d. The land has a gentle slope.

69. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Chapter Assessment
How does the time change when passing from east to west across the International Date Line?
a. It moves ahead one day.
b. It moves back one day.
c. It moves ahead one hour.
d. It moves back one hour.

70. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Chapter Assessment
At which latitude is the distance between meridians of longitude smallest?
a. 30 N
b. 50 S
c. 80 N
d. 75 S

71. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Chapter Assessment
Which representation of Earth is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto paper that touches the globe at a single point?
a. Mercator projection
b. gnomonic projection
c. geologic map
d. conic projection

72. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Chapter Assessment
How are maps that consist of many layers of data made?
Answer: These maps are made by using the Geographic Information System. Data from remote sensing or other sources are fed to a computer. The digitized data then can be read, displayed, and analyzed as separate layers or as superimposed layers.

73. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Standardized Test Practice
When it is 10:00 P.M. in New York City, where on Earth is the time 5:00 A.M.?
a. five time zones to the east
b. five time zones to the west
c. seven time zones to the east
d. seven time zones to the west

74. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Standardized Test Practice
A truck driver is on a north-south highway. About how far must the driver travel to cover one degree of latitude?
a. 42 kilometers
b. 111 kilometers
c kilometers
d kilometers

75. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Standardized Test Practice
A group of hikers wants to plan a safe route to the top of a mountain. Which type of resource would be most useful for this purpose?
a. gnomonic projection
b. Mercator projection
c. geologic map
d. topographic map

76. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Standardized Test Practice
The Global Positioning System has many applications. Describe three different uses for this system.

77. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Standardized Test Practice
Possible answer: The Global Positioning System is used for the navigation of planes and ships. It is used by scientists to measure land elevation and track movement. Everyday uses of the technology include handheld or mounted receivers that can direct a person to a specific address or location.

78. CHAPTER2
Mapping Our World
Standardized Test Practice
A Mercator projection of the world is displayed at the front of a classroom. How is the projection misleading?
Answer: On a Mercator projection, meridians are shown as parallel lines. As a result, the size of landmasses located near the poles is greatly exaggerated.