1. 37-1 The Circulatory System
By Rose, Keelan, and Danny

2. Functions of the circulatory system
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them

3. The Heart
The heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the pericardium
The myocardium is the muscle in your heart that pumps blood- it is sandwiched between two thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue
The septum divides the two sides of the heart
The upper chambers that receive the blood are the atria
The lower chambers that pump the blood out of the heart are the ventricles
The heart has four chambers- two atrium and two ventricles
Tip:
You can tell which chamber comes first because the atrium starts with an “a” which comes before “v,” so the atrium comes first.

4. Circulation Through the Body
The heart functions as two separate pumps
The right side pumps blood from the body to the lungs- this is known as pulmonary circulation
The left side pumps blood from the lungs to the body- this is known as systemic circulation

5. Circulation Through the Heart
Valves are flaps of connective tissue that keep blood from flowing backwards

6. Heartbeat
The Sinoatrial node, or the SA node, is known as the “pacemaker” due to the fact that it is the node that sets the pace for the heart’s contractions
The Atrioventricular node, or the AV node, picks up the signals from the SV node and transmits them to the rest of the heart

7. Blood Vessels
The aorta is the first of a series of blood vessels that carry blood
Blood moves through arteries, capillaries, and veins

8. Arteries Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Arteries have thick walls that help with blood pressure
The smooth muscle and connective tissue help arteries keep their shape
The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood
Smooth muscle
Connective tissue
endothelium
Tip: Arteries carry blood away from the heart: Arteries- Away

9. Capillaries Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels
Capillary walls are only one cell thick
Blood cells must pass through them single file
Nutrients and waste are defused in the capillaries

10. Veins Veins return blood to the heart
Large veins contain valves to keep blood moving in a single direction
Veins are located near and between the skeletal muscles
The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygen-rich blood

11. Blood Pressure Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer
The top number is when your heart contracts, the bottom number is when it relaxes
Kidneys remove more water from blood when blood pressure is high
Neurotransmitters and the kidneys both work to regulate the blood pressure

12. Diseases of the Circulatory System
Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death in the US
High blood pressure and atherosclerosis are the 2 leading causes of cardiovascular disease
Atherosclerosis is a condition in which plaque builds up on the inner walls of the arteries

13. High Blood Pressure
Hypertension is another word for high blood pressure
High blood pressure is defined as blood pressure that exceeds 140/90 or higher
High blood pressure enlarges the myocardium
Hypertension increases the risk of heart diseases, heart attack, and stroke

14. Consequences of Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is the most dangerous in the coronary arteries
The coronary arteries bring blood to the heart
If one of these arteries are blocked, a heart attack occurs
The symptoms of a heart attack are nausea, shortness of breath, and severe chest pain
When a blood clot occurs in the brain, a stroke can occur
In a stroke, brain cells die from lack of oxygenated blood

15. Circulatory System Health
You can prevent cardiovascular disease by exercise, eating healthy and NOT SMOKING
A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol is important for heart health
Excess fat and cholesterol builds up on artery walls
Excess weight gain enlarges the circulatory system, which causes the heart to pump harder

16. Vocab Myocardium- The muscles of the heart
Atrium- The upper chamber/ receives blood
Ventricle- The lower chamber/ pumps blood
Pulmonary circulation- The path of blood from the heart to the lungs
Systemic circulation- The flow of blood from the lungs to the heart
Valves- Flaps of connective tissue that prevent blood from flowing backwards
Pacemaker- The sinoatrial node
Aorta- The first in a series of blood vessels that carry blood around the body
Artery- Cary oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
Capillary- The smallest blood vessels where diffusion takes place
Vein- Cary oxygen-poor blood to the heart
Atherosclerosis- A disease in which fatty deposits of plaque build up on artery walls

17. Self-Test Questions (key on the last slide)
Which of these is not a component of the circulatory system?
A) The heart
B) Blood vessels
C) Blood
D) They are all components of the circulatory system
What is the pericardium?
A) Part of the heart
B) The brain that controls the heart
C) The sac that encloses the heart
D) Your 4th toe

18. What is a 3 flap valve called?
A) Tricuspid Valve
B) Trioticflap Valve
C) Peace Valve
D) A flappy thingy
What has valves?
A) The heart
B) Arteries
C) Capillaries
D) Veins
135/80 is high blood pressure.
True or false?

19. What does excessive weight gain do to your circulatory system?
A) Enlarges it
B) Squishes it
C) Enlarges the heart
D) Makes it harder for your blood to carry oxygen
How do your kidneys affect your blood pressure when it is high?
A) Adding water
B) Removing water
C) Adding hormones
D) Removing hormones
The AV node sends signals that make the heart contract.
True or false?

20. What does a sphygmomanometer do?
A) Measures your pulse
B) Measures your blood pressure
C) Measures the viscosity of your blood
D) Measures the oxygen levels in your blood
What are the 2 leading causes of cardiovascular disease?
A) High blood pressure and atherosclerosis
B) High blood pressure and smoking
C) Smoking and atherosclerosis
D) Smoking and hypertension

21. 37-3 The Respiratory System

22. What is Respiration?
The blood carries oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide away from the tissues
Respiration means the process of gas exchange

23. The Human Respiratory System
The basic function of the human respiratory system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air, and tissues
The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food
Airs moves from the pharynx into the trachea
Trachea = windpipe
The epiglottis is the flap of tissue over the trachea

24. Cilia and Mucus
To keep the lung tissue healthy, air must be warmed, moistened and filtered
Large dust gets trapped by nose hairs
Mucus moistens air and traps dust and smoke
Cilia sweep trap particles and mucus away from the lungs

25. The Larynx
Consists of 2 highly elastic flaps of tissue called the vocal cords
Air moving between the vocal cords allow you to speak

26. The Bronchi
The bronchi are the two large tubes that connect your larynx and your lungs
Each bronchi separates into smaller bronchi which separate into bronchioles
The bronchi end in tiny air sacs called alveoli where the diffusion between gasses takes place.

27. Gas Exchange
The process of gas exchange in the lungs is very efficient
Hemoglobin in the blood helps red blood cells carry oxygen

28. Breathing If you don’t breathe, you DIE
The diaphragm is the large flat muscle at the bottom of the lungs
The diaphragm creates suction into your lungs when it contracts, allowing you to breathe
Muscles around your rib cage allow you to exhale with greater force, allowing you to do things such as blow out candles
A puncture in the chest cavity would allow air to seep in and ruin the air pressure, making it impossible to breathe

29. How Breathing is Controlled
The part of your brain that controls breathing is the medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata sends impulses to your diaphragm according to your blood’s carbon dioxide levels, which is how your body forces you to breathe.
If air has no oxygen in it, your body will not notice because your blood’s CO2 levels are normal due to the fact that you can still exhale

30. Tobacco and Respiratory System
Smoking damages your lungs

31. Substances in Tobacco
The three most dangerous substances in cigarettes are nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar
Nicotine increases your heart rate and blood pressure
Carbon monoxide blocks the hemoglobin’s ability to transport oxygen
Tar causes cancer
Tar

32. Effects on Respiratory System
Tobacco smoke paralyses the cilia, which allows the smoke direct access into your lungs
It also makes the lining of your respiratory tract swell, which reduces air flow

33. Diseases Caused by Smoking
In chronic bronchitis, the bronchi become swollen and clogged with mucus
Smoking can cause emphysema- the loss of elasticity in the lungs
Emphysema make breathing difficult and reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissue
Lung cancer is especially dangerous because it spreads so quickly
Smoking narrows the blood vessels

34. Smoking and the Nonsmoker
Second hand smoke is just as dangerous
Second hand smoke is especially damaging to young children and can lead to asthma

35. Vocab Pharynx- The passageway for both air and food
Trachea- The windpipe
Larynx- The vocal cords
Bronchi- The two large passageways into the lungs
Alveoli- Tiny air sacs where the diffusion of gasses takes place
Diaphragm- The large flat muscle that allows you to breathe
Nicotine- A stimulant that increases heart rate and blood pressure
Emphysema- The loss of elasticity of the tissue of the lungs

36. Self-Test Questions What are the components of the respiratory system?
The _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
What can long term effect second hand smoke have on kids?
A) Lung cancer
B) Addiction problems
C) Emphysema
D) Asthma

37. What part of cigarette smoke causes cancer?
A) Nicotine
B) Carbon monoxide
C) Tar
D) Glue fumes
You can still breathe even if there is no oxygen in the air.
True or false?
What part of the throat contains the vocal cords?
A) Pharynx
B) Larynx
C) Trachea
D) Bronchus

38. What passes through the trachea?
A) Food
B) Water
C) Air
D) All of the above
Gas diffusion takes place in the…
A) Bronchiole
B) Alveoli
C) Bronchus
D) Capillaries
How do your vocal cords work?

39. Respiration means? ?
A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .

40. Key D C A A&D False B False/ it carries signals from the SV node
37-1
37-3 D C A
A&D
False B
False/ it carries signals from the SV node
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs D C
True/ you can breathe, you just don’t receive oxygen B
Air passes through the two flaps and vibrates according to how tight or loose they are
The process of gas exchange