1. Fiction: A story that is made up by an author (not true).
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
Fiction:
A story that is made up by an author (not true).

2. REALISTIC FICTION
A story that tells about characters and events that are similar to people and animals in real life.

3. SCIENCE FICTION
A story that is set in the future and is based on scientific ideas.

4. FANTASY HISTORICAL FICTION A story that is set in the past
and portrays people, places, and
events that did or could have
happened.
A story that is not realistic;
sometimes, the characters have
magical or supernatural powers.
FANTASY

5. SETTING when and where the action in the story takes place.
Map of Narnia

6. PLOT
The plot is the outline of events that takes place in a story.

7. Plot (continued)
Exposition- the first part of the story. The author establishes the setting, introduces characters, and gives additional background information.
Rising Action- the series of conflicts or struggles that build a story toward its climax. Tension rises.

8. Plot (continued)
Climax- the high point or turning point in a story. It is the most intense point. A decision is made that will decide the outcome of the conflict.
Falling Action- the action that works out the decision arrived at during the climax. The conflict is –or begins to be –settled.

9. Resolution Resolution is the conclusion of the story.
The reader finds out how the conflict has been resolved and what happens with the characters.

10. CHARACTERS The people or animals that take part in the story.
MAIN CHARACTERS: who the story is mainly about
MINOR CHARACTERs: the less important characters in the story
Selection of Characters from Percy Jackson and the Olympians

11. Characters (continued)
Protagonist- the main character in the story that is most central to the action in the story.
Antagonist- the person or thing working against the protagonist or hero in the story.
Character Types-

12. Characterization-
The techniques an author uses to develop the personality of a character in a literary work. An author can give information about a character by describing several aspects of the character:

13. Characterization (continued)
physical appearance and personality
speech, behavior , and actions
thoughts and feelings
interactions with other characters

14. Static Characters- characters that stay the same throughout the story.

15. Dynamic Characters- characters that change and learn something during the story.

16. Flat characters – very few personality traits; do not change throughout the story; sometimes can be symbols or stereotypes.

17. Round characters –convincing and true to life; many different personality traits; usually undergo a change during the story.

18. CONFLICT
The struggle between two opposing forces in a story. 1. INTERNAL CONFLICT Takes place within a character’s mind. 2. EXTERNAL CONFLICT The character struggles with an outside force.
The Brother’s Grimm: Sleeping Beauty

19. External Conflict
An external conflict is between a character and an outside force.
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society

20. Internal Conflict
An internal conflict is between a character and his/her self.
Man vs. Self

21. OTHER TYPES OF CONFLICT
Man vs. Supernatural
Gods, ghosts, monsters, spirits, aliens, etc.
Man vs. Fate
Fight for choice; fight against destiny
Man vs. Technology
Computers, machines, etc.

22. Without conflict, there is no plot!
Conflict (continued)
Without conflict, there is no plot!
The plot mountain is created around the conflict…
Introduced in rising action…
Is faced head-on during climax…
Begins to work itself out during falling action…
Is resolved during resolution.

23. POINT OF VIEW The vantage point from which a story is told. 1st person
the writer uses first-person pronouns (I or me) to tell the story; only one (biased) perspective.
3rd person
narrator describes the events, but does not take part in them.
3rd person omniscient
the narrator knows everything; encompassing.

24. Mood
While we often associate setting with the “where” and “when,” there is also an emotional effect of setting because the setting can create a mood or an atmosphere.
A story’s mood is the feeling that a text conveys to its readers.

25. Symbolism Universal Symbols: water = purity
Something concrete—such as a person, place, or object—that signifies something more than just itself, something abstract, such as a concept or an idea.
Universal Symbols:
water = purity
black clouds = evil approaching

26. THEME
Theme is the statement about life that the author wants to share with the reader. Often times, the reader will have to make inferences or reasonable guesses as to the theme of the story. Helpful hint- Ask yourself what lesson the main character learned in the story?

27. TONE
What is an author’s tone?

28. Tone indicates the writer’s attitude.
What is an author’s tone?
Tone indicates the writer’s attitude.
Often an author's tone is described by adjectives, such as: cynical, depressed, sympathetic, cheerful, outraged, positive, angry, sarcastic, prayerful, ironic, solemn, vindictive, intense, excited.

29. Tone is not an action. It is an attitude.

30. Tone is not explained or expressed directly.

31. A reader must “read between the lines” to determine the author’s attitude and identify the tone.

32. Tone is the author’s own attitude toward the subject.
Tone is different from mood.
Tone is the author’s own attitude toward the subject.
Mood is the emotion the author wants the readers to feel while reading about the subject.

33. An author’s tone influences the story’s mood and atmosphere.

34. the story’s atmosphere and mood.
An author’s tone
leads to
the story’s atmosphere and mood.

35. An author writes a horror story using a serious and sinister tone.
Example:
An author writes a horror story using a serious and sinister tone.
That tone helps create a scary atmosphere and a nervous, frightened mood for the readers.

36. That playful tone helps create a humorous mood for the readers.
Another Example:
An author writes a satire, making fun of a horror story using a playful or sarcastic tone.
That playful tone helps create a humorous mood for the readers.

37. Irony
A surprise!
It is the difference between what we expect to happen, and what actually does happen.
It is often used to add suspense and interest.
It is also used to keep the reader thinking about the theme of the story.

38. The Big Picture
Irony
Verbal
Situational
Dramatic

39. Verbal Irony The simplest kind of irony.
You use it everyday when you say one thing and really mean another.
It is often similar to a sarcastic response.
Example:
When you appear to be sick and someone asks you if you’re okay. You say “Of course!” But in the meantime you are vomiting and fainting.

40. Situational Irony
Occurs when a situation turns out to be the opposite of what you thought it would be.
Example:
The teacher’s daughter is a high school drop out.
The chef won’t eat his/her own cooking.
The barber always needs a hair cut.

41. Dramatic Irony
Occurs when the audience knows something that the characters in the story, on the screen, or on the stage do not know; the audience is more aware of what’s going in the story compared to the characters.
This is used to engage the audience and keep them actively involved in the storyline.

42. Dramatic Irony (continued)…
In all of the Friday the 13th movies, we know Jason is in the woods. The characters do not. When they go out into the woods, we are afraid for them because we know that they are in danger. We scream for them to run; we get excited when they fall; we cringe when we know that Jason is right behind the tree.

43. Foreshadowing
A writer’s way of hinting at what will come in the story.
A reader can make predictions based on the information given.
The reader is able to have an “A-ha” moment and make connections later on in the story.

44. Author’s Purpose
Authors have a purpose in mind when writing: entertain, analyze, persuade, inform, etc.
They consider their audience when deciding on a subject, purpose for writing, and the tone and style in which to write.

45. Dialogue
The words that characters speak aloud/exchange with one another.
Always involves two or more people.