1. Unicellular eukaryotes
Protists
Unicellular eukaryotes

2. Origin of Eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis: theory that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between two or more prokaryotic cells
one cell engulfs a different type of cell, however the engulfed cell survives and becomes an internal part of the engulfing cell

3. 
prokaryotes lack many internal structures, where eukaryotes are very complex with multiple membrane-bound organelles
believed that the organelles used to be free-living prokaryotes
2 major organelles that provide the strongest evidence for endosymbiosis: chloroplast and mitochondria

6. chloroplast converts solar energy into sugar
mitochondria extracts energy stored in sugar for cell to use
other evidence for theory: membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to those of living prokaryotes
these organelles reproduce by binary fission within the cell
they also contain a circular chromosome where many sequences match those of living prokaryotes

7. Multicellularity
hypothesized that first multicellular organisms arose from colonies created by dividing individuals cells
genes within these cells contained instructions for some cells to become specialized for different functions
increased specialization made it possible for different functions to develop among different groupings of cells in multicellular organisms

8. Life Cycles and Reproduction
prokaryotes reproduce asexually, so do unicellular eukaryotes
reproduction of multicellular individuals is typically sexual reproduction

9. Characteristics of Protists
eukaryotes
not quite plants, animals or fungi
can be unicellular, free-living, colonial or multicellular
contain a typical eukaryotic cell with organelles
some have chloroplasts  photosynthesis

10. Theory
plants, animals and fungi evolved from protists

11. Movement
 pseudopodia – cellular extensions of streaming cytoplasm that allow organisms to move
cilia – hair like structures
flagella – tail like structures
spores: protists who can’t move release reproductive cells that enter bodies and act as a parasite
e.g. apicomplexan, plasmodium (malaria)

12. Reproduction binary fission  amoeba, paramecium, ciliates conjugation
sexual and asexual reproduction
Plasmodium reproduces asexually in humans but sexually in mosquitos

13. Animal-like protists (Amoebas, ciliates and flagellates)
heterotrophs: capture and ingest food
forms internal food vacuole and digests food
some species are parasites

14. Amoeba

15. Trichomonas foetus : cow disease

16. Trichomonas vaginalis: an STD

17. Paramecium

18. Termite Gut Bacteria

19. Malaria in red blood cells

20. Fungus-like protists (slime moulds and water moulds)
heterotrophs that feed mostly on decaying organic matter
some slime moulds consume other organisms
some water moulds are parasites

25. Slime Moulds In Action https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVhLJLG7ug

26. Plant-like protists (euglenoids, diatoms and dinoflagellates)
contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
algae: autotrophs that make their own food
phytoplankton
some consume other organisms when light is unavailable

29. Red Tide