1. Unit 5: Boom and Bust

2. Chapter 15
The Jazz Age
Roaring 20s Begin

3. 1. US attempts a return to isolationism
I. A Clash of Values
A. War is Over
1. US attempts a return to isolationism
* a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
a. Shun diplomatic commitments w/ foreign countries
b. Denounce foreign ‘radical’ ideas
2. atmosphere of disillusionment
a. economic recession
b. influx of immigrants
c. racial/cultural tensions

4. a. immigration stopped during war – up again in 1921 after WWI
3. Scenario
a. immigration stopped during war – up again in 1921 after WWI
b. most new immigrants from S & E Europe
1) seen as threat to stability and order
2) seen as threat to returning soldiers who need jobs in an economy with rising prices and unemployment
c. leads to a rise in racism and nativism
Post War Intolerance

5. NATIVISM * nativism = a preference for native-
born people and a desire to limit
immigration

6. 4. The Sacco & Vanzetti Case
a. The Crime: 2 Italian, Anarchist, Immigrants accused of murdering a
paymaster and guard during a payroll holdup in Boston. April 1920.
b. The Evidence: Flimsy at best see pg
c. The Verdict: Guilty! Says the Judge: “this man, although he may not actually have committed the crime, is nevertheless morally culpable, because he is the enemy of our existing institutions”
d. The Sentence: Death – both executed in

7. Sacco and Vanzetti

8. 4. Eugenics – emphasized that human
4. Eugenics – emphasized that human inequalities were inherited and warned against breeding the unfit or inferior
a. superiority of American stock WASPs = White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants
b. led to strict immigration control

9. 5. Plight of Black Americans in the 1920s
a. Great Migration: Southern Rural blacks move to northern, industrial cities
b. Racial Prejudice: poverty, frozen out of many jobs, high unemployment
c. Rise of KKK – devoted to persecuting minorities in US
- blamed immigrants for nations trouble
- attacked blacks, Catholics, Jews etc.
- used threats & violence to frighten “undesirables”
- influence declines in late ‘20s due to scandals & power struggles within organization leadership

10. KKK
The Klan: Gainesville, GA

11. B. Immigration Restrictions
1. Anti-immigrant feelings rise – even in big biz
a. racism
b. fear of competition for jobs
c. worries about political radicals (Red Scare)

12. 2. Emergency Quota Act of 1921
a. only 3% of an ethnic grp (already here) admitted (based on 1910 census)
- restricted # imms. from all countries
- discriminated heavily against people from S & E Europe
b. Effect? Ethnic identity & National Origin determined admission into US
3. National Origins Act of 1924
a. made immigration restriction permanent
b. quota at 2% (1890 census) – so, larger #s from N & W Europe allowed
c addition to this act resulted in N & W Europeans = 87% of quota

13. 1. “America realizes that she is no longer a desert country in need of reinforcements to her population. She realizes that her present numbers and their descendants are amply sufficient to bring out her natural resources at a reasonable rate of progress. She knows that her prosperity at this moment far exceeds that of any other land in the world. She realizes that unless immigration is numerically restrained she will be overwhelmed by a vast migration of peoples from the war-stricken countries of Europe. Such a migration could not fail to have a baleful effect upon American wages and standards of living, and it would increase mightily our problem of assimilating the foreign-born who are already here. Out of these thoughts have risen the general demands for limitation of the number of immigrants who may enter this country.
2.” There has come about a general realization of the fact that the races of men who have been coming to us in recent years are wholly dissimilar to the native-born Americans; that they are untrained in self-government-- a faculty that it has taken the Northwestern Europeans many centuries to acquire. America was beginning also to smart under the irritation of her 'foreign colonies'-- those groups of aliens, either in city slums or in country districts, who speak a foreign language and live a foreign life, and who want neither to learn our common speech nor to share our common life. From all this has grown the conviction that it was best for America that our incoming immigrants should hereafter be of the same races as those of us who are already here, so that each year's immigration should so far as possible be a miniature America, resembling in national origins the persons who are already settled in our country "
"It is true that 75 per cent of our immigration will hereafter come from Northwestern Europe; but it is fair that it should do so, because 75 per cent of us who are now here owe our origin to immigrants from those same countries "

14. Flow of immigration under 3% law – based on 1910 census – largest quotas come from countries shaded in black
The flow of immigration under 2% law – Smallest quotas come from the lightly shaded countries and those shown in white (Turkey, Spain, Romania, Hungary, etc. ) Largest quotas from countries shaded in black

15. 4. Hispanic Immigration to US
a. lack of immigrants in the labor pool led to rise of Mexican immigration
b. irrigation jobs ala Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 open to Mexican immigrants
- 70,000 Mexicans flee to US after Mexican Rev.
- National Origins Act of exempted natives of Western Hemisphere from quota system

16. C. The New Morality
1. New Morality vs Traditional Values
2. What was the new Morality?
a. glorified youth and personal freedom
b. more women working outside the home
- establish personal identity
- independence from parental authority
- provide wages – can buy things!
c. more women attend college
d. increased freedom thanks to auto
- provides independence/privacy for youth
- shift: socializing at home to socializing w/ friends

17. 3. Women in the 1920s
a. more social freedom
b. the “flapper” : the symbol of the revolution in manners and morals – young dramatic, stylish, and unconventional woman
- short skirts
- short hair
- danced the tango, foxtrot, and the new Charleston
c. intellectual achievements contribute to science, medicine, law & literature

18. The Flapper
Flapper fashion embraced all things and styles modern.  A fashionable flapper had short sleek hair, a shorter than average shapeless shift dress, a chest as flat as a board, wore make up and applied it in public, smoked with a long cigarette holder, exposed her limbs and epitomized the spirit of a reckless rebel who danced the nights away in the Jazz Age. 
Hairstyles circa 1922, 1925,1925,1926

19. The Flapper by Dorothy Parker
The playful flapper here we see, The fairest of the fair. She's not what Grandma used to be,-- You might say au contraire. Her girlish ways make a stir, Her manners cause a scene, But there is no more harm in her Than in a submarine.
She nightly knocks for many a goal The usual dancing men. Her speed is great, but her control Is something else again. All spotlights focus on her pranks. All tongues her prowess herald. For which she well may render thanks To God or Scott Fitzgerald.
Her golden rule is plain enough- Just get them young and treat them rough.

20. 4. The Fundamentalist Movement – supporters of traditional values
a. saw moral decline in American society
- consumer culture
- relaxed ethics
- increased urbanization
b. Fundamentalist beliefs
- literal translation of Bible
- rejected theory of evolution – supported creationism

21. - laws against teaching evolution
c. Scopes Monkey Trial
- laws against teaching evolution
- ACLU determined to overthrow this law
- arrange to have John Scopes (Biology teacher), arrested for teaching it - Trial: Defense atty Clarence Darrow vs. prosecuting atty, William
Jennings Bryan
- Scopes guilty, but Darrow bested Bryan many times in trial – Bryan dies 5 days later
- Result? Fundamentalists further isolated from mainstream Protestantism
Scopes Trial and Prohibition

22. D. Prohibition 1. Why ban alcohol? (18th Amendment Jan. 1920)
a. unemployment
b. domestic violence
c. poverty
2. Volstead Act
a. enforces prohibition
b. increased fed. gov’t’s police powers (previously been left to the states)

23. a. Rise in ORGANIZED CRIME - bootlegging - smuggling
3. Effects of Prohibition
a. Rise in ORGANIZED CRIME
- bootlegging
- smuggling
- speakeasies – illegal bars
b. Crime became big biz
- gangsters corrupt public officials
- most notorious – Al Capone (Chicago)

24. Al Capone

25. 4. Repealing Prohibition
a. 21st amendment, 1933
b. defeat for supporters of traditional values & for those who favored the use of
fed. police powers to achieve moral reform
5. Lasting effect of Prohibition
a. anti-alcohol laws
b. alcohol awareness - less drinking at work etc.

27. II. Cultural Innovations
A. Art & Literature
1. Greenwich Village & the South Side
a. Greenwich Village = NYC; South Side of Chicago
b. Bohemian lifestyle – artistic and unconventional – perfect place for artists and writers to flourish, focus on
creativity

28. a. diverse range of artistic styles
2. Modern American Art
a. diverse range of artistic styles
b. urban landscapes; cubism, realism
Edward Hopper’s Nighthawks depicts isolated people in the city

29. 3. Poets & Writers – varied styles and subject matter
a. poet Carl Sandburg glorified Midwest and expansive nature of American life
b. poet Vincent Mallay praised women’s freedom and equality
c. poet Gertrude Stein – important literary critic
d. poet/writer T.S. Elliot concentrated on negative effects of modernism

30. TS Elliot: The Hollow Men
A penny for the Old Guy
We are the hollow men
We are the stuffed men
Leaning together
Headpiece filled with straw.
Alas! Our dried voices, when
We whisper together
Are quiet and meaningless
As wind in dry grass
Or rats' feet over broken glass
In our dry cellar
Shape without form, shade without colour, Paralysed force, gesture without motion; Those who have crossed
With direct eyes, to death's other Kingdom Remember us -- if at all -- not as lost Violent souls, but only
As the hollow men
The stuffed men.
T.S.Eliot, author of The Waste Land (1922) and The Hollow Men (1925).
This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper.

31. e. playwright Eugene O’Neill portrayed
e. playwright Eugene O’Neill portrayed realistic characters and situations
f. Novelist Ernest Hemingway wrote about disillusionment and reevaluated myths about American heroes – result of his WWI experience as an ambulance driver
g. writer F. Scott Fitzgerald exposed emptiness and superficiality of modern society The Great Gatsby

32. B. Pop Culture
1. Economic Prosperity
a. Americans had more leisure time and more money
b. Americans able to enjoy various forms of entertainment/pop culture

33. 2. Baseball, Boxing, and Other Sports
a. Media coverage (motion pictures, radios, newspapers, magazines) of sports
helped to increase its popularity
Baseball – Babe Ruth famous worldwide
Boxing – Jack Dempsey
College Football – Red Grange of the Univ of IL
Golf – Bobby Jones
Tennis – Bill Tilden; Helen Wills
Swimming – Gertrude Ederle – swam the English Channel in record time

34. 3. Rise of Hollywood
a. Silent Movies
- live piano players set the tone in the theater
- subtitles revealed the plot
b. First “talkie”: The Jazz Singer
- golden age of Hollywood began!

35. 4. Popular Radio Shows and Music
a – KDKA Pittsburgh launched one of 1st commercial radio broadcasts: election results of the Presidential Election – Harding’s landslide victory
b. Radios
played pop music of the day
comedy shows such as
Amos ‘n’ Andy

36. c. Significance of 1920s mass media?
1) broke down patterns of provincialism
2) unified Americans through shared national culture
3) spread new ideas and attitudes of the times

37. III. African American Culture A. The Harlem Renaissance
1. Effects of Great Migration
a. Black American sought to escape segregated society of South & to find
economic opportunities
b. New York City neighborhood of Harlem – area full of night clubs & music – culture movement known as the Harlem Renaissance – significance?
1) stimulated artistic development
2) racial pride
3) sense of community
4) political organization
Harlem Renaissance

38. 2. The Writers
a. Claude McKay: immigrant from Jamaica – criticized racism in America
b. Langston Hughes: examined the place of blacks in a white world
- many of his poems expressed a positive, hopeful message – things may not be good now, but there is hope for the future

39. 3. Jazz, Blues, and the Theater
a. Music Biz grew thanks to radio & phonograph
b. Most important musical development of the 1920s was JAZZ
- American style of music that developed from ragtime & blues and which uses syncopated rhythms & melodies
- Louis Armstrong: 1st great coronet & trumpet soloist in jazz music.
Known for improvisation
- Duke Ellington: bandleader who created his own sound of
improvisation & orchestration using diff. combos of instruments
Birth of Jazz

40. American artists got their starts (could play there, but couldn’t be a
- Cotton Club – Harlem neighborhood nightspot where many black
American artists got their starts (could play there, but couldn’t be a
customer!)
Bessie Smith: “empress of the blues”
Eventually, others borrowed heavily from jazz, produced a quieter version that appealed to white audiences ” Big Band” (great for dancing)

41. B. African American Politics
1. Role of Harlem Renaissance: brought int’l fame to many black Americans +
sparked a political transformation in the US
2. Great Migration led to increased political power of black Americans – created a
strong voting bloc in the north

42. 3. NAACP
a. battled discrimination and segregation through the legal system – in the courts
b. led efforts in Congress to pass anti lynching legislation
c. political strength of black Americans evident with the defeat of Judge John Parker’s nomination to the Supreme Court

43. 4. Rise of Black Nationalism – Marcus Garvey
a. glorify black culture & traditions of the past
b. Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Assoc. (UNIA) - believed
blacks could gain economic and political power by educating themselves
c. Eventually, Garvey proclaimed that blacks could never find justice or freedom in the US – developed plan to lead blacks to new homeland in Africa
d. $ sent in for his cause was wasted/mismanaged. Garvey jailed, deported back to Jamaica – organization collapsed

44. Chapter 16
Normalcy & Good Times

45. I. Presidential Politics
A. The Harding Administration
Election
a. Democratic Platform
1) continue Progressive Mvmt
2) support League of Nations
3) increase role of gov’t in economy
b. Republican Platform
1) return to Laissez-Faire
2) avoid foreign entanglements
3) “normalcy” (a return to a state of normal) – Harding’s campaign
slogan

46. c. Republicans – Warren G. Harding win
- more in tune w/ public mood: tired of wartime wage & price controls; anxious to avoid
another foreign war
Warren G. Harding

47. 2. The Republican Formula: Lower. Spending + Lower Taxes + Higher
2. The Republican Formula: Lower Spending + Lower Taxes + Higher Tariffs = Economic Growth
a. run gov’t more efficiently – return to laissez faire – avoid heavy federal
spending
b. appointed Andrew Mellon as Sec. of Treasury (1 of 6 richest men in US)
- Who is Sec of Treasury today?
c. believed in cutting taxes on industry to spur economic growth
d. cut gov’t spending (did by 1/3)

48. US Secretary of the Treasury
                  
US Secretary of the Treasury
Official Seal
Incumbent: Timothy Geithner since: January 26, 2009
First
Alexander Hamilton
Formation
September 11, 1789
Presidential succession
Fifth
Website

49. 3. Political Scandals - Harding: hard working
3. Political Scandals - Harding: hard working & good natured, but remembered for
scandals while in office
a. Ohio Gang: a group of political friends from Ohio that Harding appointed to
high gov’t posts
1) good appts: Sec of State Charles Hughes, Sec of Commerce Hebert
Hoover, Sec of Treasury Andrew Mellon
2) most not qualified – or just plain corrupt
3) stories of misconduct made it to the press

50. - Charles Forbes, head of Vets bureau: swindled country out of $200m
- Reports of Ohio gang selling favors, including pardons & appts to office

51. b. Harding takes trip to Alaska, gets sick, dies Aug 1923
c. Teapot Dome Scandal – new out after Harding’s death
1) secret, illegal leasing of gov’t oil reserves to pvt oil companies in
Teapot Dome, WY
2) Albert B. Fall, Sec. of Interior, leased the reserves to oilmen who paid him kickbacks
d. Harding’s Atty Gen. Harry Daugherty forced to resign in 1924 charged w/
bribery & fraud
e. Harding admin goes down in history as most corrupt in US History

52. 1. VP Coolidge of MA takes over a. “Silent Cal”
B. The Coolidge Administration
1. VP Coolidge of MA takes over
a. “Silent Cal”
b. untouched by scandals of Harding admin - Integrity earns him honor of being
one of most popular Presidents
- distanced himself from most in Hardings admin
- Kept Harding’s most capable: Hughes, Mellon, Hoover
c. Philosophy: to make sure gov’t interfered w/ biz and industry as little as
possible **America’s prosperity rested on biz leadership
Calvin Coolidge

53. Election
a. Coolidge (R) v. Davis (D) v. LaFollette (P)
b. Ds turn away from Progressivism, Ps call for gov’t to spend more time
regulating biz than fighting labor unions
c. Farmers support Ps to demand gov’t subsidies
d. Coolidge wins easily “Keep Cool with Coolidge”
- avoided war, avoided scandal, avoided reform – but supported biz
Prosperity
- “The chief business of the American people is business”

54. II. A Growing Economy
A. The Rise of New Industries
1. Wages UP, Productivity UP – thanks to new technology
a. more $ to spend
b. more stuff to buy: radios, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, phones & CARS

55. 2. The Assembly Line
a. Henry Ford made mass production of autos possible thru use of AL
- divide operations into simple tasks – cut unnecessary motion to min.
- The Model T
b. made auto affordable (not just a luxury for the wealthy)
c. Ford’s philosophy: lower the cost per car = increased volume of sales
d. increased pay, established 8 hr shifts = increased worker loyalty, decreased
union influence
e. competition grew: GM, Chrysler

56. Henry Ford with Model T in Buffalo, NY, 1921

57. 3. Success of Auto Industry = ripple effect on economy
a. steel, rubber, glass
b. construction industry
c. fed & state gov’t built roads
d. motels, gas stations

58. 4. Social impact of Auto
a. affordable to middle class
b. new biz opportunities
c. higher demand for educated workers (mgrs, sales)
- high school enrollment 2X
- college enrollment almost 2X
- biz schools
d. eased isolation of rural life
e. enabled people to live farther from work – more suburban

59. 5. Consumer Goods Industry – more $, more to buy
a. For the home:
- indoor plumbing
- household cleansers
- frozen foods
b. New Appliances
- electric irons
- vacuum cleaners
- washing machines
- refrigerators
c. For You
- electric razors
- disposable tissues
- home hair dye

60. 6. Airline Industry
a. 1st flight? Orville & Wilbur Wright, Kitty Hawk, NC Dec. 1903
b. Glenn Curtiss – invents ailerons – made it possible to build rigid wings & much larger aircraft
c. WWI – use of airplanes in war
d. US gov’t use of airplanes: USPS airmail service 1918
- Kelly Act 1925: authorized postal official to contract w/ pvt airplane operators to carry mail - economic boost to airplane industry
- Air Commerce Act 1926: provided federal aid for building airports
e. Charles A. Lindbergh - 1st solo, trans-Atlantic flight 1927
- symbolized American ingenuity, courage & ability
- individ. effort mattered in the machine age!
f : 48 airlines serving 355 US cities – advent of airline advertising

61. 7. Radio Industry
a : Edwin Armstrong invented special circuit that made long-range radio transmission of voice
and music practical
b. 1920: 1st radio station KDKA Pittsburgh, PA announces election results
c. 1926: NBC established permanent network of stations to distribute daily programs
d. By 1927: 700 stations nationwide; Fed. Radio Commission regulates them
e. 1928: CBS competing with NBC – both sell ad time, hire musicians, actors, comedians etc; play pop music; ads to Political Parties in 1928 election
f : 10 m radio sets in home in US; almost 40% of US population

62. B. The Consumer Society: higher pay + shorter
workdays = buying spree
1. Easy Consumer Credit
a s prosperity gave Americans confidence to go into debt to buy
consumer goods – to buy on credit – believed in their ability to pay off debts
over time
b. Rise of auto & expensive long-lasting goods convinced people to buy on installment plans/credit (bought 75% radios, 60% autos on installment)
c. Personal debt rose 2 ½ times faster than income
d. Stimulated production, but people began getting in debt over their heads

63. 2. Mass Advertising
a. Americans had to be convinced that they needed all the new products available
b. Preyed on consumers’ fears and anxieties:
- health concerns? buy cleansers etc - hectic pace of modern life? Buy labor savers (iron, fridge etc)
c. Linked products to progress and success
- concerned with fashion and appeal? Buy mouthwash, deodorant etc

64. 3. Managerial Revolution
a. industries began to create organizational structure
b. divided into divisions with diff functions (sales, accounting, operations etc)
c. managers with biz skills hired – created expansion of middle class
d. engineers needed for new technology – expansion of middle class

65. 4. Welfare Capitalism
a. companies allowed industrial workers to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, receive benefits such as med. care and pensions
b. unions less important with rise in employee benefits
c. employers promoted open shop
d. with benefits covering certain needs, workers could spend more of their income

66. C. Division in American Society – The Farm Crisis
= 42% Farmers; 1929: 25% Farmers
a. young people lured to cities for better pay, more exciting life
b. other left farms as they weren’t sharing in prosperity of the decade
- after WWI, not longer selling to European Allies, demand down – but
farmers had bought lots of new equipment on credit!
- urbanization: people ate less due to less hard labor
- less grain needed for livestock – we have cars now
- prohibition: no grapes for wine, no barley for beer

67. 2. Result? Overproduction of farm goods and prices way down
a. Advances in tech. only added to overproduction
b. falling food prices made it hard to make farm mortgage pays.
: ½ m farmers lost their farms – bankruptcy
4. Gov’t attempts to help
a. Federal Farm loans increased
b. McNary-Haugen Bill – gov’t buys surplus, sell it overseas while protecting
US market w/ high tariff – Coolidge vetos 2 X
c. Farmers in recession thoughout 1920s

68. III. The Policies of Prosperity A. Promoting Prosperity
1. The Mellon Program (Sec. of Treasury Andrew Mellon – chief architect of economic policy in the US in the 1920s)
a. believed gov’t should apply biz principles to its operations
- created Bureau of Budget – to prepare Budget
- General Accounting Office – to track gov’t spending

69. b. 3 Major Goals
1) balance budget
2) reduce gov’t debt
3) cut taxes
c. Accomplishments?
1) cut spending
2) reduced debt
For most: from 5% to .5%
For wealthy: 73% to 25%
d. Supply-Side Economics - economic theory that lower taxes will boost the economy as biz and individuals invest their $, thereby creating higher tax revenue

70. 2. Hoover’s Cooperative Individualism
a. encouraged manufacturers & distributors to form trade associations to reduce cost and promote economic efficiency
b. expanded Office of Foreign & Domestic Commerce to find new markets & biz opportunities
c. established Bureau of Aviation – regulate airline industry
d. established Federal Radio Commission – set rules for radio transmission

71. B. Trade & Arms Control
1. US becomes dominant economic power - due to WWI, US shifts from debtor nation
to creditor nation
2. Isolationism
a. most Americans favored isolationism – nat’l policy of avoiding involvement in
foreign affairs
b. Though not a member of League of Nations – hard for US to be isolationist –
too powerful, too economically connected, too involved in int’l affairs
- promoted peace thru agreements with individual countries instead of
thru L of N

72. 3. The Dawes Plan – plan for European economic recovery
a. after WWI, European economies suffered
- high debt burden
- no $ to buy American exports
b. Dawes Plan: American banks would make loans to Germans – Germans
could pay their reparations payments to Brits and French – Brits and French would accept less in reparations & pay more of their war debts (to US)
c. unsuccessful – Europeans further into debt to US banks & corporations

73. 4. Washington Conference – plan for disarmament
a. 3 agreements
1) Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (Brits, Fr, Italy, Japan, US)
- freeze naval production to levels
- build no warships for 10 yrs
- US & Brits wouldn’t build new naval bases in w. Pacific
2) Four-Power Treaty (US, Japan, France, Brits)
- respect e/os Pacific territory
- negotiate disagreements

74. 3) Nine-Power Treaty
- preserve = trading rights in China (Open Door Policy)
- guaranteed China’s independence
b. Problems with the treaties
1) didn’t limit land forces
2) Japanese unhappy – limited them to smaller Navy
5. Abolishing War
a. Kellogg-Briand Pact – outlaws war
b. ratified by 62 nations – all agreed to abandon war and to settle disputes by
peaceful means