1. Source and Hazard Identification and Characterization

2. Steps Define scope Workplace Workforce Characterization of agents Characterization of existing controls Past assessments/results Historical exposure data Environmental emission data Past biological monitoring data

3. Define Scope How narrow or broad is the scope of your investigation? –Are you investigating the risk to one worker? Are you investigating one incident involving one or more workers? –Are you investigating the risk to the workforce from one agent or part of the facility? –Are you investigating the risk to the workforce at one facility? –Are you investigating the risk to the workforce in an entire industry?

4. Workplace Characterization What is the process? Activities? Raw materials? Products? By-products? Waste products? Processing aids?

5. Process Description Sources of Information –International Labor Organization: Encyclopedaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd Edition, Geneva: ILO, 1983. –Burgess, WA: Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995. –Kirk-Othmer: Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, New York: John Wiley Sons, 1985.

6. Process Description Tanneries

7. Process Description Tanneries –hide curing –beamhouse operations –tanning –finishing

8. Process Description

9. Raw Materials Tanneries

10. Raw Materials Tanneries –raw animal skins and hides –chemicals used to process hides

11. Products/By-Products Tanneries

12. Products/By-Products Tanneries –finished leather

13. Waste Products Tanneries

14. Waste Products Tanneries –waste water (contaminated with multiple chemicals including chromium) –animal fat –animal hair –air emissions (solvents, acids)

15. Processing Aids Tanneries

16. Processing Aids Tanneries –machinery used to wash, lime, delime, tan, split, centrifuge, dry, etc –heat –material handling (manual and machine)

17. Workforce Characterization job title / job description task analysis exposure duration –shift length; continuous number of workers other considerations –children

18. Characterization of Agents Form of agent –chemical –physical –biological –traumatic/ergonomic –psychosocial Health effects –toxicology –epidemiology Exposure Limits

19. Characterization of Agent Form of Agent –chemical –physical –biological –traumatic/ergonomic –psychosocial

20. Characterization of Agent Chemical –solid –liquid –gas –vapor –aerosol dusts, mists, fumes, soot

21. Characterization of Agents Physical –temperature extremes (heat, cold) –noise and vibration –ionizing radiation –non-ionizing radiation (uv, visible, ir, microwave/radiowave, power transmission)

22. Characterization of Agents Biological –bacteria –viruses –allergens –genetically modified organisms

23. Characterization of Agents Traumatic/ergonomic –acute –repetitive or cumulative

24. Characterization of Agents Psychosocial –shiftwork –overtime –child labor –job security –stress –violence

25. Hazard Identification Tanneries –exercise

26. Characterization of Agents Health Effects –Sources of Information International Chemical Safety Cards International Hazard Datasheets on Occupation Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Toxicology Literature Epidemiology Literature Internet

27. Characterization of Agents Exposure Limits –Regulatory (vary by country/state) –Non-regulatory

28. Other Information Characterization of existing controls –permits, walkthrough Past assessments/results –literature, company records Historical exposure data –past permits, regulatory agency data, company data Environmental emission data –regulatory agency data, permits, company data, literature Past biological monitoring data –company data, health department data

29. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) Developed by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Summarizes essential health and safety information about chemicals Intended for use at the “shop floor” level by workers and employers ICSCs are not legally binding documents

31. Material Safety Data Sheet Chemical Agents Identity used on the label Physical and chemical characteristics Physical hazards (fire, explosion, reactivity) Health hazards including signs and symptoms of exposure Primary route(s) of entry OSHA PEL, ACGIH TLV, any other exposure limit used or recommended by the chemical manufacturer

32. Material Safety Data Sheet (continued) Listed in the NTP Annual Report on Carcinogens or has been found to be a potential carcinogen by IARC or by OSHA Any generally applicable precautions for safe handling and use, including appropriate hygienic practices, protective measures during repair and maintenance of contaminated equipment, and procedures for clean-up of spills and leaks

33. Material Safety Data Sheet (continued) Any generally applicable control measures, such as appropriate engineering controls, work practices, or personal protective equipment Emergency and first aid procedures Date of preparation of the MSDS or the last change to it Name, address and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, employer or other responsible party preparing or distributing the MSDS

35. Control Banding Stage 1: Find the hazard classification Stage 2: Find out how much of the substance you are going to use Stage 3: Find out how much of the substance is going to et into the air Stage 4: Find the control approach Stage 5: Find the task-specific control guidance sheet(s)

36. Outcome Complete summary of available essential information on workers, tasks, agents, potential exposures, and potential health effects