1. 1 Planning for Water Reuse in Northeastern Illinois (and other places where most people think there is an abundant water supply) Illinois Waste Management and Research Center March 12, 2008 Paul Anderson, CAEE Department, IIT

2. 2 Acknowledgments Partners Partners Illinois Institute of Technology Illinois Institute of Technology Illinois Waste Management and Research Center Illinois Waste Management and Research Center Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning Sponsors Sponsors US EPA Science to Achieve Results Program US EPA Science to Achieve Results Program Illinois Waste Management and Research Center Illinois Waste Management and Research Center Who does all the work Who does all the work Sachin Pradhan Sachin Pradhan Yi Meng Yi Meng Shihui Luo Shihui Luo Feng Huang Feng Huang

3. 3 Overview Parts of NE Illinois are running out of water Parts of NE Illinois are running out of water Water reuse is part of the solution Water reuse is part of the solution Industries have hydrologic footprints Industries have hydrologic footprints Issues that affect reuse planning Issues that affect reuse planning An integrated reuse system An integrated reuse system

4. 4 NE Illinois: Growing demand for water Dziegielewski et al. (2005)

5. 5 We don’t use water very efficiently Domestic water use (USEPA, 2006)

6. 6 NE Illinois: Limited water sources Northeastern Illinois regional non-cooling water source allocation (NIPC, 2001) Unknown resources Falling water table Limited by Supreme Court decree Minimum flow requirements

7. 7 The Illinois Diversion Mississippi River Chicago Sanitary & Ship Canal, Cal-Sag Channel Lake Michigan 2 WPPs 7 WWTPs Users Combined Sewer System Combined Sewer System N.B. Chicago River 54% 16% 30% Lockport Reuse

8. 8 Water reuse priorities Industrial Industrial Process/cooling Process/cooling Commercial/Domestic Commercial/Domestic Car wash Car wash Toilet flush Toilet flush Firefighting Firefighting Irrigation Irrigation Groundwater recharge Groundwater recharge Potable water Potable water Priority High Low High Low Quality

9. 9 Industrial hydrologic footprints Measure of industry interaction with water Measure of industry interaction with water Conventional direct water use Conventional direct water use Evaporative loss associated with electricity use Evaporative loss associated with electricity use Stormwater runoff from industry property Stormwater runoff from industry property Supply chain direct water use Supply chain direct water use Supply chain evaporative loss with electricity Supply chain evaporative loss with electricity

10. 10 Estimating hydrologic footprints in Chicago Consider 50 largest volume water dischargers Consider 50 largest volume water dischargers Supply chain data from eiolca.net Supply chain data from eiolca.net Data normalized to economic activity (gal/$) Data normalized to economic activity (gal/$)

11. 11 Water & electricity use for 31 industry sectors High water & electricity use Mid-water & electricity use Low water & electricity use

12. 12 Supply chain water & electricity use Supply chain dominated by less than 60 unique SIC codes

13. 13 Who makes up the supply chain? Blast furnaces and steel mills Blast furnaces and steel mills Industrial inorganic and organic chemicals Industrial inorganic and organic chemicals Paper and paperboard mills Paper and paperboard mills Petroleum refining Petroleum refining Pulp mills Pulp mills Nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers Nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers Primary aluminum Primary aluminum Plastics materials and resins Plastics materials and resins

14. 14 Hydrologic footprints for four SIC codes

15. 15 Hydrologic footprint summary Indirect use (stormwater, electricity) is small Indirect use (stormwater, electricity) is small Direct use (industry or supply chain) dominates Direct use (industry or supply chain) dominates Supply chains are often important Supply chains are often important Supply chains dominated by a few industries Supply chains dominated by a few industries 10% have relatively big footprints (gal/$) 10% have relatively big footprints (gal/$) What issues affect water reuse? What issues affect water reuse?

16. 16 Water reuse: Barriers & Incentives Water Source Users Wastewater Treatment TechnologyRegulations Policy Risk Economics

17. 17 Water reuse regulations Federal Federal There are no water reuse regulations There are no water reuse regulations Guidelines for Water Reuse (USEPA, 2004) Guidelines for Water Reuse (USEPA, 2004) States (2004 data) States (2004 data) 25 states have regulations 25 states have regulations 16 states have guidelines 16 states have guidelines 9 states without regulations or guidelines 9 states without regulations or guidelines Illinois regulations address land application Illinois regulations address land application

18. 18 Water reuse risks Ecosystem risks Ecosystem risks Chemical contaminants of concern Chemical contaminants of concern Nutrients Nutrients Human health risks Human health risks Pathogenic organisms Pathogenic organisms Bacteria, viruses, protozoa Chemical contaminants of concern Chemical contaminants of concern Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals Pesticides, herbicides Pesticides, herbicides Disinfection by-products Disinfection by-products

19. 19 “…there have not been any confirmed cases of infectious disease resulting from the use of properly treated reclaimed water in the U.S.” USEPA (2004) Are there unconfirmed cases? Are there unconfirmed cases? What about non-infectious disease? What about non-infectious disease? How long does it take to see effects? How long does it take to see effects? What about incidental reuse? What about incidental reuse? What about ecosystem risks? What about ecosystem risks?

20. 20 Is wastewater reuse economical? Objective: Objective: Minimize cost Minimize cost Constraints: Constraints: Demand Demand Mass balance Mass balance Capacity Capacity Water withdrawal Water withdrawal Water quality Water quality

21. 21 Pipeline costs dominate

22. 22 Costs have a spatial relationship II I III Volume demand increases with distance

23. 23 Costs depend on flow & distance Volume demand

24. 24 Costs depend on flow & distance

25. 25 Costs depend on flow & distance

26. 26 Costs depend on flow & distance Increasing the distance increases the cost Increasing the flow decreases the cost The minimum cost

27. 27 A case study for industry near the Kirie WRP

28. 28 Kirie case study 28 Significant Industrial Users 28 Significant Industrial Users Metal finishing: 16 Metal finishing: 16 Electroplating: 4 Electroplating: 4 Others: 8 Others: 8 Total water discharge: 1.09 MGD Total water discharge: 1.09 MGD Assume 50% treated effluent use Assume 50% treated effluent use Supply effluent 12 months/year Supply effluent 12 months/year 6 months/year additional chlorination 6 months/year additional chlorination

29. 29 Kirie case study parameters Interests rate: 6% Interests rate: 6%5%~10% Utility service life: 40 years Utility service life: 40 years 25~40 years Amortization period: 40 years Amortization period: 40 years 25~40 years Pipeline installation unit cost: 75 US$/feet Pipeline installation unit cost: 75 US$/feet 75 ~ 200 US$/feet

30. 30 Kirie case study Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

31. 31 Kirie case study Zone 1

32. 32 Kirie case study Zones 1 & 2

33. 33 Kirie case study Zones 1, 2 & 3

34. 34 Cost depends on volume & distance (i = 6%,  years, Pipeline US$75/feet) Elk Grove Village water Chicago municipal water

35. 35 Chicago reuse study summary Pipeline installation costs dominate Pipeline installation costs dominate Spatial relationships affect supply cost Spatial relationships affect supply cost Reuse can be cost effective Reuse can be cost effective Chicago is an unusual case study Chicago is an unusual case study Municipal water is very cheap Municipal water is very cheap Reuse offers no economic incentive to MWRDGC Reuse offers no economic incentive to MWRDGC Chicago’s successful water conservation efforts Chicago’s successful water conservation efforts

36. 36 What about the western suburbs? Recent drought Recent drought Municipal water costs are higher Municipal water costs are higher Groundwater supplies uncertain Groundwater supplies uncertain Surface water up to 35% treated effluent Surface water up to 35% treated effluent

37. 37 New issues in the suburbs Industrial clusters are limited Industrial clusters are limited Distribution over longer distances Distribution over longer distances Consider non-industrial users Consider non-industrial users Park district, golf course, forest preserve Park district, golf course, forest preserve Limited seasonal demand Limited seasonal demand Potential increased exposure Potential increased exposure

38. 38 Integrated water reuse planning for the suburbs Inventory available land considering: Inventory available land considering: IEPA land application regulations IEPA land application regulations Distance Distance Relationship to potential co-users Relationship to potential co-users Model fate and transport Model fate and transport Soil, groundwater, surface water Soil, groundwater, surface water Process design and operation Process design and operation

39. 39 Are there other reuse incentives? Greatest cost: Distribution system Greatest cost: Distribution system Is there another benefit? Is there another benefit? Once you install a secondary distribution system, is there another use? Once you install a secondary distribution system, is there another use?

40. 40 Geothermal heat pumps “…the most energy efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available.” (USEPA, 1993) “…the most energy efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available.” (USEPA, 1993) Benefits (USDOE, 1998): Benefits (USDOE, 1998): Less energy consumption Less energy consumption Lower operating costs Lower operating costs Reduced carbon emissions Reduced carbon emissions

41. 41 Average monthly temperatures (2002)

42. 42 Effluent as a heat source/sink Growing interest in water-source heat pumps Growing interest in water-source heat pumps Illinois Clean Energy Community Foundation Illinois Clean Energy Community Foundation  20 geothermal demonstration systems  20 geothermal demonstration systems Space conditioning and hot water supply Space conditioning and hot water supply Payback < 10 years Payback < 10 years Benefits of working with effluent Benefits of working with effluent Higher temperature implies higher efficiency Higher temperature implies higher efficiency Avoid drilling to install ground loops Avoid drilling to install ground loops

43. 43 Domestic geothermal heat pump USDOE (1998) Ground loop represents about 60% of initial costs

44. 44 Dual-purpose distribution system Integrated infrastructure Integrated infrastructure Non-potable water supply Non-potable water supply Ground loop for heat pump system Ground loop for heat pump system Issues Issues Economics Economics Regulations Regulations Technology Technology Risk Risk Policy Policy

45. 45 Summary thoughts… Water reuse can help meet demand Water reuse can help meet demand Hydrologic footprints measure efficiency Hydrologic footprints measure efficiency Incentives & barriers for reuse Incentives & barriers for reuse Soft: Technology, policy, regulations Soft: Technology, policy, regulations Hard: Public perceptions, economics Hard: Public perceptions, economics Water reuse can be economical Water reuse can be economical Integrated planning for multiple uses Integrated planning for multiple uses Consider water & energy Consider water & energy