2. DNA and Protein Synthesis DNA contains the genetic information to make amino acids Amino acids combine to make proteins These proteins determine the physical traits of an organism and control cellular functions. Proteins do everything, and DNA gets all the credit! Think of them as tiny minions who do all the work

3. DNA and Protein Synthesis

4. But… How does the information get from the DNA to the cytoplasm? mRNA

5. DNA and Protein Synthesis - Transcription Transcription: 1)DNA unzips 2)mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) copies info from DNA using base pairings RNA is different from DNA a) Single stranded, not double stranded b) Instead of deoxyribose, it has ribose c) instead of Thymine, it uses Uracil 3)Carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

6. DNA and Protein Synthesis Amino acids are linked together in the same order as the codons, creating a protein chain Just like linking letters to make words, linking amino acids makes proteins Amino Acid

7. DNA and Mutations Mutations are any changes that take place in DNA: Can be spontaneous or caused by mutagens ex: Chemicals, high temperatures, UV light, radiation Can change the genetic code, and be replicated when forming new body cells. In sex cells, can be passed on to offspring. Mutations can be neutral, beneficial, or harmful ex: Blue eyes – a mutation that occurred 6- 10,000 years ago, can be traced back to one ancestor What kind of mutation is that?

8. DNA and Mutations – Lets looks at different mutations THE DOG BIT THE CAT

9. DNA and Mutations - Substitution THE DOG BIT THE CAT Substitution - Replace just one letter: THE DOG BIT THE CAR

10. DNA and Mutations - Deletion THE DOG BIT THE CAT Deletion: Delete just one letter (T): THE DOG BIT HEC AT

11. DNA and Mutations-Insertions THE DOG BIT THE CAT Insertion - Add just one letter (E): THE DOE GBI TTH ECA T Cells have “proof reading” proteins that constantly check the DNA and fix errors, so most are corrected