1. DNA, mRNA, and Protein Synthesis TAKS Review for April 22 test

2. What is DNA? DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid Functions: Functions: Store and transmit genetic info Store and transmit genetic info Contains the blueprint for making proteins Contains the blueprint for making proteins

3. Location and Structure of DNA Location: Location: Nucleus Nucleus Structure: Structure: Double stranded, often called double helix Double stranded, often called double helix Composed of three part nucleotides: Composed of three part nucleotides: Deoxyribose (sugar) Deoxyribose (sugar) Phosphate (PO 4 ) Phosphate (PO 4 ) Nitrogen base (1 of 4): Nitrogen base (1 of 4): Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Guanine (G)

4. Base Pairing Rule

5. DNA Replication During cell reproduction an exact copy of the parent cell is made During cell reproduction an exact copy of the parent cell is made DNA unzips to make two new strands of DNA DNA unzips to make two new strands of DNA Location: Nucleus Location: Nucleus

6. DNA Replication

7. Making Proteins DNA contains the instructions for building proteins DNA contains the instructions for building proteins Proteins are made at the ribosomes Proteins are made at the ribosomes DNA cannot leave the nucleus DNA cannot leave the nucleus How does DNA’s information get to the ribosome? How does DNA’s information get to the ribosome?

8. Messenger RNA (mRNA) What is mRNA? What is mRNA? Ribonucleic acid: Ribonucleic acid: Single stranded Single stranded Nucleotides composed of: Nucleotides composed of: Ribose (sugar) Ribose (sugar) Phosphate Phosphate Nitrogen bases: Nitrogen bases: Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) Uracil (U)

9. How does mRNA take DNA’s information to the ribosome? Transcription: RNA is made from a strand of DNA Transcription: RNA is made from a strand of DNA Location: Location: nucleus nucleus mRNA leaves the nucleus and takes the information to the RIBOSOME where a protein will be made mRNA leaves the nucleus and takes the information to the RIBOSOME where a protein will be made

10. Transcription

11. What happens to mRNA at the ribosome? mRNA will bind to the ribosome mRNA will bind to the ribosome tRNA will read mRNA in three part sections (codon) tRNA will read mRNA in three part sections (codon) tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome Amino acids will bond to form a protein Amino acids will bond to form a protein

12. Translation

13. Genetic Code-language of mRNA Remember: mRNA is read in 3 part sequences called a codon (64 total) Remember: mRNA is read in 3 part sequences called a codon (64 total) Every 3 part sequence codes for an amino acid Every 3 part sequence codes for an amino acid Proteins are determined by the order in which amino acids are joined together Proteins are determined by the order in which amino acids are joined together There are 20 different amino acids which can combine to form many different proteins There are 20 different amino acids which can combine to form many different proteins