1. Criteria and Standard

2. Objectives
To define performance indicator, criteria and standard

3. Criterion (definition)
A systematically developed statement that can be used to assess the appropriateness of specific healthcare decisions, services, and outcomes (Institute of Medicine, 1992)

4. Definitions of a ‘standard’
An objective with guidance for its achievement given in the form of criteria sets which specify required resources, activities, and predicted outcomes (Royal College of Nursing, 1990)
The level of care to be achieved for any particular criterion (Irvine and Irvine, 1991)
The percentage of events that should comply with the criterion (Baker and Fraser, 1995)

5. Definition of an indicator

6. Criteria structure (what you need) process (what you do)
outcome of care (what you expect).

7. Structure criteria Structure criteria refer to the resources required
the numbers of staff and skill mix
organisational arrangements,
the provision of equipment and
physical space

8. Process criteria
Process criteria refer to the actions and decisions taken
communication,
assessment,
education,
investigations,
prescribing,
surgical and other therapeutic interventions,
evaluation, and
documentation.

9. Process criteria
Process criteria are more sensitive measures of the quality of care, as a poor outcome does not occur every time there is an error or omission in the provision of care.
the importance of process criteria is determined by the extent to which they influence outcome

10. Outcome criteria
Outcome criteria are typically measures of the physical or behavioural response to an intervention and reported health status

11. Outcome criteria
Some audits focus specifically on outcomes and collect data about the outcomes of care. This is a practical possibility when outcomes are easily measurable and occur soon after the delivery of care.
If the outcomes are also of major importance to users, for example postoperative complications, the direct measurement of outcome is not only appropriate but also expected

12. Outcome criteria
When outcomes are used for comparative audit, adjustments may be needed for case mix, a process known as ‘risk adjustment’.

13. Developing valid criteria/ standard
Based on evidence
Related to important aspects of care
Measurable

14. methods of developing criteria

15. Using guidelines
Recommendations from clinical practice guidelines can be used to develop criteria and standards without substantial additional work

16. Prioritising the evidence method
This method of developing criteria reviews the evidence in the source guidelines or systematic reviews for each element of care identified as important in determining outcome
The criteria that have most impact on outcome are then categorised as ‘must do’ or ‘should do’

17. RAND/UCLA appropriateness method
The findings of a literature review are submitted to a panel of clinicians, chosen for their clinical expertise and professional influence, who are asked to rate the appropriateness of a set of possible indications for the particular procedure

18. Examples of criteria
New benzodiazepine prescriptions must only be issued for short-term relief (no longer than four weeks) of severe anxiety or insomnia

19. Methods for developing standards

20. Using levels of performance achieved in trials
the levels of performance achieved in trials are helpful, but should not be regarded as uniformly achievable in unselected patient populations.

21. Benchmarking
An organisation first identifies the areas of practice where the quality of patient care would benefit from comparison and sharing of information about the processes involved in achieving high performance
Then it compares its performance with that of its most successful ‘competitors’ and considers areas for development in the light of the comparison

22. Care pathways
Integrated care pathways define the expected timing and course of events in the care of a patient with a particular condition
They describe explicitly all the expected processes of care.
Care pathways are easier to introduce when there is established routine practice and little variation between users

23. Example for blood transfusion
Donors should have a health check prior to donation(criterion).
We would expect 100% compliance, it is mandatory for all donors(standard).