1. Other Senses

2. TOUCH

3. Touch is the most pleasurable of all the senses
Critical for healthy development
Children that are deprived of touch can develop Psychosocial dwarfism – a condition where by their physical development is stunted
Greatest sensitivity to touch is where you need it the most.
Face
Tongue
Hands

4. Our sense of touch shows us the shape, size and "feel" of our world.
We use our SKIN for our sense of touch. Every bit of skin all over our bodies, including our nails, is used for touching.
Our sense of touch shows us the shape, size and "feel" of our world.
The Sense of Touch is called Tactile

5. Types of Touch
Pressure
Warmth
Cold
Pain

6. Common Receptors
The body has about twenty different types of nerve endings that all send messages to your brain. However, the most common receptors are heat, cold, pain, and pressure or touch receptors. Pain receptors are probably the most important for your safety because they can protect you by warning your brain that your body is hurt!

7. Fun Facts What type of nerve endings to you have the most of? Pain
Where is the least sensitive part of your body?
Middle of your back
How many touch receptors are in each fingertip?
100
When your body shivers what is trying to do?
To get warm

8. Kinesthesis
The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.
Allows you, even with your eyes closed, to know where your limbs are located.

9. Vestibular Sense
The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.
This tells you which way is up, how your body is oriented in relation to up, and how your body is moving in space.

10. How Vestibular Sense Works with the Semicircular Canals
In the semicircular canals, the motion of the fluid as you spin causes gelatinous lumps called cupulas to bend one way or the other, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. 
The vestibular sense is connected to parts of the brain that tell you when it is time to vomit.  This is the cause of motion sickness.
If you spin hard enough and then suddenly stop, the tiny current keeps going for a little bit, and gives you the sensation that you are still spinning, but in the opposite direction.  Your brain may try to compensate for this, and cause you to fall or at very least feel dizzy.

11. PAIN

12. PAIN
Pain is a perception, and like any perception, it is rooted in sensation, and on the biological level, in the stimulation of receptor neurons.  Also like other forms of perception, pain is sometimes experienced when there is no corresponding biological basis!

13. Pain’s Purpose
Pain is a body sense that warns us of potential harm and helps us cope with sickness and injury.
In the fight to survive, it’s one of our best defenses.

14. Understanding Pain - Biological
Nociceptors
Special sensory neurons translate certain stimuli into action potentials that are then transmitted to the brain.
There are FOUR different nociceptors: Thermal nociceptors are sensitive to high or low temperatures.
2. Mechanical nociceptors respond to strong pressure to the skin that comes with cuts and blows.  These receptors respond quickly, and often trigger protective reflexes!
3. Chemical nociceptors respond to a variety of chemicals released with tissue damage, as well as to external chemicals such as capsaicin (the chemical that makes hot peppers "hot") and spider venom.
4. Silent (or sleeping) nociceptors stay quiet - hence the name - but become more sensitive to stimulation when they are surrounded by inflammation.

15. Understanding Pain - Biological
The nerves carry messages from the nociceptors up the spinal cord can follow several different tracts. 
Most go to the thalamus, where they are distributed to various higher centers. 
Some also go to the reticular formation (which, among other things, governs alertness)
Others go to the amygdala (a part of the limbic system involved in emotion).

20. Understanding Pain - Biological
Gate-Control Theory
1. States pain is the balance between the information traveling into the spinal cord through large nerve fibers and information traveling into the spinal cord through small nerve fibers.
2. Large nerve fibers carry non- nociceptive information & small nerve fibers carry nociceptive information.
3. If the amount of activity is greater in large nerve fibers, then little or no pain.
4. However, if there is more activity in small nerve fibers, then there will be pain.
I = "Inhibitory Interneuron"; P = "Projection Neuron" - = inhibition (blocking); + = excitation (activation)

21. Understanding Pain - Biological
Phantom Pain –
The pain amputees sometimes feel in the very limb they are missing - is due to the fact that, when nociceptors are damaged or missing, the neurons in the spinal cord that transmit pain messages sometimes become hyperactive.  So the brain gets messages of pain where there isn’t even any tissue left!

22. Understanding Pain - Biological
Endorphins
Stress and Pain are the two most common factors leading to the release of endorphins. Endorphins interact with the opiate receptors in the brain to reduce our perception of pain and act similarly to drugs such as morphine and codeine. In contrast to the opiate drugs, however, activation of the opiate receptors by the body's endorphins does not lead to addictions or dependence.
Endorphin release varies among individuals. This means that two people suffer the same degree of pain will not necessarily produce similar levels of endorphins.

23. Understanding Pain – Social-Cultural Influence
Our perception of pain varies with our social situation and cultural traditions.
We tend perceive more pain when others are also experiencing pain.
Men vs. Women

24. Understanding Pain - Psychological
Pain is often “all in your head.”
The way we experience pain, communicate about pain to others and how we respond to pain-relieving treatment may have more to do our psychological state than with the actual intensity of the pain.
Things that magnify your emotions can
increase your experience with pain

25. Biopsychosocial Approach to Pain

26. Controlling Pain Physical Methods Psychological Methods Placebo Effect
Drugs, Surgery, Acupuncture, Electrical Stimulation, massage, and exercise
Psychological Methods
Hypnosis, Relations training and Thought Distractions
Placebo Effect
Some people who participate in research studies and take inactive medication see health improvements, such as reduced pain.
Researchers not sure why, but could help with mind-body relationship if it could be figured out.

27. Congenital Insensitivity to Pain
People who are born WITHOUT the sense of pain.
Their nervous systems are not equipped to detect painful information.
You may think this is a good thing....it is NOT.
Without the ability to detect painful events, you would continue to cause injury to yourself.

28. Brain tissue is not sensitive to pain
Brain tissue is not sensitive to pain! The brain itself does not have any receptors for pain. In fact, most brain surgery is performed using a local anesthetic only

30. TASTE

31. How We Taste or Gustation
Molecules from the food we eat get mixed with saliva and find their way into the little pits and onto the surfaces of the neurons.  Like a key fitting into a lock, these molecules open up tiny pores on the cell membranes and begin the process of firing the neuron very much the same way as the neurotransmitters do between neurons.

32. How We Taste
There are about 10,000 taste buds on the tongue, clustered in papillae (those bumps all over your tongue).  The taste buds are clusters of neuron bodies that line tiny pits in the papillae, and look sort of like a microscopic bunch of bananas.
There are FIVE Basic Tastes

33. Five Basic Tastes
SWEET
Like a Piece of Cake
Energy Source

34. Five Basic Tastes
Sour
Like a Lemon
Potentially a Toxic Acid

35. Five Basic Tastes Salty Like, well, salt!
Sodium Essential to Psychological Processes

36. Five Basic Tastes
Bitter
Like a cup of bad coffee
Potential Poisons

37. Five Basic Tastes Umami Like in tomato or aged cheese
Savoriness involves a sensitivity to glutamate
Proteins to grow and repair tissue

38. Sensory Interaction
NO two senses work together better than smell and taste.
The taste of something is enhanced by the aroma we intake by our nose.
Smell can change our perception of taste. – Think what it is like to eat when you have a cold.
Flavor is made up by adding Smell to Taste to Texture.

39. Smell

40. How Our Sense of Smell Works
Moist air being drawn over a piece of specialized mucous membrane about the size of a dime at the top of your nasal cavity.
In olfactory epithelium is where the chemical molecules that entered the nose is dissolved
Hair cells are the receptors in the olfactory epithelium that respond to particular chemicals
The electrical activity produced in these hair cells is transmitted to the olfactory bulb. The information is then passed on to mitral cells in the olfactory bulb.
The olfactory tract transmits the signals to the brain to areas such as the olfactory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

41. Sense of Smell - Olfaction
These are the seven smells suggested by the researcher
Floral Pepperminty Musky Pungent (like spices) Camphoraceous (like mothballs or muscle liniments) Ethereal (like dry-cleaning fluid) Putrid (like rotten eggs)

43. Smell Age and Gender

44. Smell Age and Gender