2. International Relations Haynes Cooney Malika Gandhi Chad Mariska

3. Our Approach Provide background information necessary to understand political situations Analyze international relations during and post World War II Summarize current relations

4. China

5. Agenda - China Government Legitimacy Historical Perspective Current Situation

6. China’s CCP Comes to Power Japanese occupied China from 1931 to 1945.  Rape of Nanking in 1937 Fall of Japanese Empire in 1945 From 1945 to 1949, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Soviet-backed Chinese Nationalist People's Party (KMT) battled for power of China. By 1949, the CCP occupied most of the country and KMT fled to Taiwan.

7. Source: U.S Department of State Website People’s Republic of China Established People's Republic of China, established October 1, 1949 in Beijing Worked vigorously to win international support for its position that it is the sole legitimate government of all China. Including…  Hong Kong (formerly controlled by the UK, now a “special administrative region“)  Macau (formerly controlled by Portugal, now a “special administrative region“)  Taiwan (formerly claimed to govern China, now considers itself independent)

8. A Little More About Taiwan From 1949 to 1991, both People’s Republic of China in Beijing and the Taiwanese authorities in Taipei claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of China, including the mainland. Most countries and international governing bodies supported Taiwan’s claim until the 1970s.

9. People’s Republic of China Takes Over In the 1970s, People’s Republic of China, in Beijing, became increasingly identified as the sole diplomatic voice of all China.  The People's Republic of China replaced Taiwan at the United Nations in 1971.  Japan established diplomatic relations with Beijing in 1972.  U.S. did so in 1979. Fun Fact:  Taiwan still call themselves the "Republic of China."

10. Agenda - China Government Legitimacy Historical Perspective Current Situation

11. China Focuses on Communist Comrades 1950’s - China's foreign policy initially focused on solidarity with the Soviet Union and other communist countries. 1960’s - Beijing competed with Moscow for political influence among communist parties and in the developing world in general. 1970’s - Chinese anxiety about Soviet strategic advances was heightened following the Soviet Union's December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan.

12. China Looks West 1980’s - China looked to the West for assistance with its modernization drive and for help in countering Soviet expansionism.  China sought to foster good relations with countries that could aid its economic development. 1990’s – Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, China opened diplomatic relations with the republics of the former Soviet Union.

13. Agenda - China Government Legitimacy Historical Perspective Current Situation

14. China Expanding Asian Profile Korea - Contributed to stability on the Korean Peninsula through hosting and participating in the Six-Party Talks Southeast Asia - Cultivated a more cooperative relationship with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Taiwan - Relations with Taiwan have been improving, but are being tested by China’s passing of an “anti-secession” law.  China's National People's Congress approved a law in March 2005 giving the country the legal right to use force against Taiwan if the island attempts to secede.

15. China Expanding Global Profile United Nations – Awarded permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council Russia - China has likewise improved ties with Russia.  President Putin and President Jiang signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in July 2001 and the two countries plan a joint-military exercise in 2005.

16. China’s Relationship with Japan Little prospect of any improvement Sharp deterioration in recent months  Accusations that a Chinese submarine illegally entered Japanese waters  Japan’s general support for Taiwan Japanese decision to grant a visa to a former president of Taiwan, Lee Teng-hui  Japan just published a ten-year defense program, which identified both China and North Korea as military threats

17. China’s Relationship with the U.S. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, China offered strong public support for the war on terrorism and has been an important partner in U.S. counterterrorism efforts China and the U.S. have been working closely on regional issues, especially North Korea U.S.-China relations have been complicated by events in Taiwan and Hong Kong  U.S. continues to sell advanced weapons to Taiwan’s government

18. Japan

19. Japan – A Global Economic Power Japan is a major economic power both in Asia and globally  Diplomatic relations with nearly all independent nations and an active member of the United Nations since 1956  Foreign policy has promoted peace and prosperity for the people Japan has pursued a more active foreign policy in recent years, recognizing the responsibility that accompanies its economic strength  Expanding ties with the Middle East, securing oil supplies  Providing the 2nd-largest assistance package to Iraq and Afghanistan  Actively negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and supporting development projects in Africa and Latin America  Establishing a peace plan that became the foundation for nationwide elections in Cambodia in 1998  Source: The U.S. Department of State

20. Japan – Seeking Diplomatic Clout Despite economic strength, Japan has limited diplomatic clout and observers identify only three feasible points of leverage  Get a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council Sought for years but few signs of obtaining  Pursue regional initiatives that exclude non-Asian countries Likely damaging to the economy, which depends on globalization  Start putting its substantial military resources to work multilaterally, and to make genuine security contributions when they are called for Japan's post-war constitution forbids it from maintaining an army  The Japanese people traditionally distrust militarism  Japan’s neighbors, especially China and South Korea, are quickly irritated by official promotions of patriotism  Source: The Economist

21. Japan – Developing Military Strength Prime Minister Koizumi and the LDP favor an assertive foreign policy  Considering amending the constitution to allow more leeway in maintaining regional stability The public has shown a greater awareness of security issues and increasing support for the Self Defense Forces  Attributable to SDF disaster relief efforts and peacekeeping operations  Few strategists think that the alliance with the U.S. will last forever A new National Defense Program Outline emphasized the same two threats that America's Pentagon has lately been stressing  Potential terrorist attacks  The danger of rogue states combining ballistic missiles with WMD Japan's defense missions are no longer just good deeds, they are a crucial way of promoting global stability  Source: The Economist, Jane’s Defense Weekly

22. Japan – Increasing Role in Korea A broad strategy to place itself at the centre of Asia's economic, diplomatic, and military regional institutions Ties with South Korea have improved since an exchange of visits in the mid-1980s by their political leaders  Some territorial disagreements remain Limited economic and commercial ties with North Korea Japan is taking its security responsibilities toward North Korea seriously  Member of 6-Party talks to end North Korea’s nuclear arms ambitions  Coordinates with the U.S. and South Korea and consults trilaterally on policy toward North Korea  Taken a lead in regional anti-proliferation efforts, including the American-inspired proliferation security initiative (PSI)  Source: The U.S. Department of State

23. Japan – Economics and China Signed a peace and friendship treaty with China in 1978, ties between the two countries developed rapidly.  Significant economic aid to various Chinese development projects  Supported Chinese membership in the WTO China's biggest trading partner in three of the past four years.  Highly complementary manufacturing strengths for the time being  Cheap labor is likely for some time to tilt Chinese firms away from the more capital- and research-intensive projects favored in Japan As both countries have gained wealth, power, and trading status, they have become natural rivals for primacy within their region Complementary in terms of output, yet clearly competitors for resources  China has become the world's 2 nd -largest importer of oil  Japan's economic assistance to China is now declining  Source: The Economist

24. Japan – China Relations  Source: The Economist

25. Japan – Growing Diplomatic Tension Tensions are rising between two of Asia’s traditional rivals  A Chinese submarine covertly sailed into Japanese waters  Japan deliberately made its position on Taiwan less ambiguous by declaring that Taiwan is a security concern  Japan's National Defense Program Outline has described China itself as a source of “concern” for Japan Japan has publicly lobbied for the European Union not to lift its arms embargo on China  Meanwhile developing missile defenses that China deplores There has been no official visit to China by the Japanese prime minister, Junichiro Koizumi, since October 2001, and none by the Chinese president to Japan since 1998, when Jiang Zemin went.  It is the longest hiatus since the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972.  Source: The Economist

26. Japan – Alliance with the U.S. Alliance is the cornerstone of U.S. security interests in Asia  Preservation and promotion of political and economic freedoms  Support for human rights and democratic institutions  Securing of prosperity for the people of both countries Significant participant in the global war on terrorism as well as in the political and economic rehabilitation of Iraq.  Political and financial support has strengthened the U.S. position on numerous global geopolitical problems Japan is an indispensable partner on UN reform and a close ally in multilateral fora such as the WTO, OECD, the World Bank, and the IMF  Supports the United States on nonproliferation and nuclear issues  Regional partners in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).  Source: The U.S. Department of State

27. Japan – Balancing Relationships  Source: The Economist

28. Japan – Looking Ahead Japan's overall foreign policy remains risk-averse  As an economic power, there is still a heavy reliance on reliable imports of energy and unfettered access to world markets  Japan wants to stay on good terms with as many countries as possible  Regional goals are to avoid losing out to China on trade deals and to manage the alliance with America so as to discourage aggressors Japanese voters still clearly prefer safe missions, but have been so scandalized by criticism that they are now willing to back deployments  Mr. Koizumi and his predecessors have helped mould the popular mood in favor of more SDF deployments  Should one of the missions turn bloody, the public response is unclear Japan is not so much flexing its muscles as it is stretching them after a long break, to see whether they work and what they can usefully do  Source: The Economist

29. Hong Kong

30. Hong Kong – Brief History The Western world has had a longstanding interest in trade ventures with Hong Kong The British East India Company made the first successful sea venture to China in 1699, and Hong Kong's trade with British merchants developed rapidly soon after. After the First Opium War (1839- 1842), Hong Kong was ceded to Britain.  Source: US Department of State Website

31. Hong Kong – Brief History The United Kingdom, concerned that Hong Kong could not be defended unless surrounding areas also were under British control, executed a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898, significantly expanding the size of the Hong Kong colony. In 1997, Hong Kong became a “Special Administrative Region” of China.  Source: US Department of State Website

32. Hong Kong & China China is responsible for both foreign relations and defense of Hong Kong. Hong Kong is able to enter into international agreements regarding commercial and economic matters. Hong Kong is a full member of international economic organizations WTO Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Financial Action Task Force (FATE)  Source: US Department of State Website

33. Hong Kong – US Relations US – Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 - Establishes domestic legal authority to treat Hong Kong as an entity distinct from China post-reversion Full acceptance of “One Country, Two Systems ” Bush Administration views Hong Kong as a Chinese city vital to world economic prosperity.  Source: US Department of State Website

34. Strong Relationship between Hong Kong and the US The US has always had a vested interest in helping to promote Hong Kong’s autonomy and prosperity: US Foreign Direct Investment to HK = $44.3bn US Exports to HK = $13.5bn HK Exports to US = $8.9bn ~55,000 Americans and 1,100 US-based companies in HK Coming out of 2004, Hong Kong faces low unemployment, solid economic growth.  Source: US Department of State Website

35. Short-Term Goals for US-Hong Kong Relations “Open Skies Agreement” Removal of Civil Aviation Barriers Enables US-Hong Kong Air Carriers to make decisions independent of the governments Protection of Intellectual Property Rights End-User Piracy (Illegal Copies of Software) Unauthorized Use of Books, Movies, Music, etc. on the Internet Infringement of Pharmaceutical Patents Improvement of Agricultural Trade Lift Ban on US Beef Understand US / Canada position on “Mad-Cow Disease”  Source: Remarks by U.S Consul General James Keith

36. Hong Kong – Looking Ahead Named “World’s Freest Economy” by the Heritage Foundation – 11 years in a row Looking to continue building on its strengths Increase Tourism Increase Consumer Spending Increase Exports to US and Europe  Source: Remarks by U.S Consul General James Keith