1. C HAPTER 12: A GING AND I NEQUALITY

2. T HE S OCIAL S IGNIFICANCE OF A GE How old are you? The continuum of age shapes our attitudes and conceptions about how individuals of that age should act “Act your age” Refers to the chronological age, or their age based on from when they were born “The graying of America” Average age of populace is increasing due to baby boomers, increased life expectancy, and decreased birth rates “Act as you feel” The observable attributes such as appearance, coordination, mental capacity, etc. that are used to assign people to age categories

3. T RENDS IN A GING Life expectancy The average number of years that a group of people born in the same year, are expected to live Cohort A group of people born within a specified period of time Depression-era babies, Baby-boomers, etc. Gerontology The study of aging and older people

4. A GE AND THE L IFE C OURSE Age stratification The inequalities, differences, segregation, or conflict between age groups The lines between age groups are arbitrary and there are many gray areas, but typically there is an expectation for the individuals of certain age groups Such as dependency and carefree attitudes in childhood, moodiness and rebellion in adolescence, and social placement and familial life in young to middle adulthood

5. A GE S TRATIFICATION IN O UR S OCIETY As the life expectancy and longevity of people increases, there will likely be another group added for individuals who are in the 90 and higher ages Infancy and Childhood Carefree and jovial for many; but, it can be a time of powerlessness and vulnerability for others One often experiences most of their socialization and dispositions in this stage Adolescence Did not exist (as a category) before the twentieth century; brought on by societal need for specialized, educated individuals Typically considered the “scapegoat” generation Young Adulthood Often expected to get married and have a job Many are viewed negatively if they do not accomplish these things by middle adulthood Middle Adulthood Onset of senescence, or primary aging, often seen as the mid- life crisis. Secondary aging are effects that are brought on as a result of the choices the person makes as far as physical activity and drinking, for example Often have the highest levels of prestige, and income Late Adulthood Retirement, physical attributes are as important as physical age in stratification Contrary to stereotypes, only about 5 percent of the elderly live in nursing homes, 10 percent have trouble walking, and 30 percent have trouble hearing

6. A GEISM AND A GE S TEREOTYPES Ageism Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons Notions like: unattractive, unintelligent, asexual, and unemployable A naturalistic experiment conducted showed that many individuals enforce such stereotypes, in this case the views towards the elderly See “Old Pat Moore” on page 399 The study showed that the stereotypes were reciprocating, in other words the individual being judged felt as though they were conforming to those roles

7. A GE, G ENDER, R ACE, AND I NEQUALITY Age, gender, race and poverty are often intertwined Entitlements Certain benefits, or payments, paid by the government Such as Social Security, SSI, Medicare, Medicaid, and pension Elder Abuse The physical abuse, psychological abuse, medical abuse (or neglect), or the financial exploitation of people age 65 and/or older The National Center on Elder Abuse reported that roughly 1.6 million older people are abused in some way in the U.S.

8. A GING : T HE S OCIOLOGICAL P ERSPECTIVES Perspectiv e FocusTheory/ Hypothesis Functionalis t How older people adjust to changing roles in society Disengagement Theory  Suggests that detachment and preparation for death are normal and healthy adjustments for older individuals Symbolic- Interactioni st Why micro-level contacts between individuals are particularly important for older people Activity Theory  Based on the assumption that people are more satisfied in old age if they remain active and find new statuses, roles, and activities Conflict How aging is difficult in a capitalistic economy; and why race, class, and gender are factors that make a difference in the well-being of older people Inequality (Theory of)  (Inequality) follows people across the life course, and poor and middle-income individuals must rely on public assistance to survive in old age

9. D EATH AND D YING Hospice: an organization that provides a homelike facility or home-based care for people who are terminally ill Because of advances in technology, death in today’s culture is primarily associated with the elderly (often in institutionalized settings) There currently are three (popularly) known frameworks for how people cope with the process of dying Stage-based  Popularized by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, proposed the five stages of dying: (1) denial and isolation, (2) anger and resentment, (3) bargaining and postponement, (4) depression and sense of loss, (5) acceptance. Some of the stages may exist simultaneously, or can be omitted. Dying Trajectory  Focuses on dying and the course of death; death is categorized as three phases: (acute) maximum anxiety, (chronic) decline in anxiety, (terminal) the withdrawal from others. Task-based  Based on the assumption that the dying person can and should go about daily activities and fulfill tasks.

10. R EFERENCES AND A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS o Sociology In Our Times (Seventh Edition) o By: Diana Kendall o Notes incorporated o By: James V. Thomas, NIU Professor (Emeritus) o Formatted By: Jacob R. Kalnins, NIU student o Pictures Incorporated o Clip Art (PowerPoint: 2007) o Google Images: Sociology In Our Times