“The Roaring Twenties”

“The Roaring Twenties”
THE 1920’S Post WWI America “The Roaring Twenties”

SOLDIERS RETURNING TO THE U.S. AFTER WWI
WW I VETERANS COME HOME TO A CHANGED AMERICA. HOW ARE THE PROHIBITIONISTS PORTRAYED? ANSWER: AS A “KNOW-IT-ALL” WHO KNOWS WHAT IS RIGHT FOR EVERYBODY.

The world as it looked to many Americans after WWI, full of problems and dangers.

RED SCARE EVENTS IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE AND MASSIVE STRIKES AT HOME LED TO A FEAR THAT THE U.S. WOULD BE THE NEXT TARGET OF COMMUNISTS RED SCARE, , THE LARGE NUMBER OF VIOLENT STRIKES SCARED MANY AMERICANS WHICH LED TO A TIME OF WIDESPREAD ANXIETY AND FEAR OF A COMMUNIST TAKEOVER

THE RUSSIAN BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION IN 1917 LED TO WIDE SCALE FEAR IN THE U.S. THAT COMMUNISTS WOULD TRY TO TAKE OVER THE COUNTRY BOLSHEVIKS, COMMUNIST REVOLUTIONARIES WHO TOOK OVER RUSSIA IN 1917 AND PREDICTED COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS IN OTHER NATIONS RADICALS, LEFT WING (OR RIGHT WING) COMMUNISTS, ANARCHISTS, SOCIALISTS, PEOPLE WHO WANT TO CHANGE THE ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL SYSTEM THROUGH NON- LEGAL METHODS

DURING 1919 THERE WERE MORE THAN 3,000 STRIKES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, INVOLVING MORE THAN 4 MILLION WORKERS. THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT WERE THE GENERAL STRIKE IN SEATTLE AND THE BOSTON POLICE STRIKE. IN BOTH CASES THE NATIONAL GUARD WAS BROUGHT IN TO RESTORE PEACE. CALVIN COOLIDGE, GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS, BECAME NATIONALLY KNOWN FOR HIS TOUGH STAND FIRING THE STRIKING BOSTON POLICE. Many of these strikes had issues in common, particularly that employers tended to associate the unions and strikes with communism and that violence was associated with the strikes, with the nation's military often being called in to bring peace and end the strikes. Some of the more significant strikes of 1919 include a general strike in Seattle which practically paralyzed the city. The mayor of Seattle brought in that national guard to restore peace. In September of 1919 more than 400,000 steel workers throughout the nations went on strike and employers blamed communists. Also in September, the Boston Police force went on strike bringing to the forefront Governor Calvin Coolidge who proclaimed that no one had the right to strike against public safety. He also authorized the national guard to restore peace and the strike, his action brought him into national fame and helped elect him to the presidency later on. BOSTON POLICE STRIKE, 1919, STRIKING POLICE WERE FIRED BY GOVERNOR CALVIN COOLIDGE WHO BECAME WIDELY KNOWN AND LATER BECAME PRESDIENT JOHN L. LEWIS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED MINE WORKERS WHO LED A SERIES OF MASSIVE STRIKES

For four days in early February 1919, the Seattle labor establishment closed down the city and captured nation-wide attention in the first city-wide general strike in U.S. History. Politicians and newspapers in the Pacific Northwest and throughout the country interpreted the action as the beginning of a Bolshevik-style revolution. JOHN L. LEWIS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED MINE WORKERS WHO LED A SERIES OF MASSIVE STRIKES. THE IWW (INTERNATIONAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD) WAS A RADICAL UNION OF UNSKILLED WORKERS WHO WANTED TO TRANSFORM AMERICAN SOCIETY AS WELL AS BEING A TRADITIONAL UNION (WANTING BETTER PAY, WORK WEEK, ETC). JOHN L. LEWIS

1920s RED SCARE, , THE LARGE NUMBER OF VIOLENT STRIKES SCARED MANY AMERICANS WHICH LED TO A TIME OF WIDESPREAD ANXIETY AND FEAR OF A COMMUNIST TAKEOVER BOLSHEVIKS, COMMUNIST REVOLUTIONARIES WHO TOOK OVER RUSSIA IN 1917 AND PREDICTED COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS IN OTHER NATIONS GIANT CONSPIRACY, AMERICAN PEOPLE SAW THE WAVE OF BOMBINGS, STRIKING WORKERS, COMMUNISTS AND ANARCHISTS AS A PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE GOV’T IN RADICALS, LEFT WING (OR RIGHT WING) COMMUNISTS, ANARCHISTS, SOCIALISTS, PEOPLE WHO WANT TO CHANGE THE ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL SYSTEM THROUGH NON- LEGAL METHODS PALMER RAIDS, ATTORNEY GENERAL, A. MITCHELL PALMER STAGED A CRACKDOWN ON SUSPECTED RADICALS INVOLVING MANY VIOLATIONS OF CIVIL RIGHTS ON INNOCENT VICTIMS

PALMER RAIDS A. MITCHELL PALMER
PALMER RAIDS, ATTORNEY GENERAL STAGED A CRACKDOWN ON SUSPECTED RADICALS INVOLVING MANY VIOLATIONS OF CIVIL RIGHTS ON INNOCENT VICTIMS A. MITCHELL PALMER

AS A RESULT OF THE PALMER RAIDS HUNDREDS OF IMMIGRANTS WERE FORCIBLY DEPORTED TO THEIR HOME COUNTRIES “SHIP OR SHOOT” WAS THE SLOGAN OF THE TIME MEANING SHIP THEM OUT OF THE COUNTRY OR SHOOT THEM. GIANT CONSPIRACY, AMERICAN PEOPLE SAW THE WAVE OF BOMBINGS, STRIKING WORKERS, COMMUNISTS AND ANARCHISTS AS A PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE GOVT IN “SHIP OR SHOOT”

FEAR OF OUTSIDE INFLUENCES LED TO RESTRICTIONS ON IMMIGRATION
IN 1924 CONGRESS ENACTED THE FIRST LAW LIMITING IMMIGRATION TO THE U.S. AND STATED HOW THOSE WHO COULD EMIGRATE LEGALLY WOULD BE IDENTIFIED. ESTABLISHED “NATIONAL ORIGINS” QUOTA SYSTEMS.

Anti-immigration IN 1921 CONGRESS ENACTED THE FIRST LAW LIMITING EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION TO THE U.S. AND STATED HOW THOSE WHO COULD EMIGRATE LEGALLY WOULD BE IDENTIFIED. ESTABLISHED “NATIONAL ORIGINS” QUOTA SYSTEMS. JOHNSON -REED ACT, (NATIONAL ORIGINS ACT) LIMITED IMMIGRATION AND SET UP QUOTAS

SACCO & VANZETTI SACCO AND VANZETTI, TWO ITALIAN ANARCHIST IMMIGRANTS WHO WERE ARRESTED FOR MURDER DURING A 1920 PAYROLL HOLDUP IN BOSTON, THEY WERE EXECUTED EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE AGAINST THEM WAS WEAK During communist witch-hunts in the 1920's, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian immigrants were found guilty of murdering a paymaster and a factory guard in Braintree, Mass. although there was very little evidence. Opponents claimed Sacco and Vanzetti were scape goated because they were anarchists and draft-evaders. They were executed in 1927 SALEM WITCH TRIALS, 1692, HYSTERIA AND FEAR LED TO THE ARREST AND EXECUTION OF INNOCENT WOMEN AS WITCHES, THIS STREAK OF FEAR AND HYSTERIA HAD APPEARED SEVERAL TIMES IN US HISTORY, THE RED SCARE OF 1920, AND THE ANTI-COMMUNIST FEAR AFTER WW II

1920s Terms SACCO AND VANZETTI, TWO ITALIAN ANARCHIST IMMIGRANTS WHO WERE ARRESTED FOR MURDER DURING A 1920 PAYROLL HOLDUP IN BOSTON, THEY WERE EXECUTED EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE AGAINST THEM WAS WEAK ACLU, 1920, AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, FOUNDED TO FIGHT THE CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OF THE PALMER RAIDS IT IS VERY ACTIVE TODAY IN DEFENDING UNPOPULAR CIVIL RIGHTS CASES

DESPITE MASSIVE PROTESTS AROUND THE GLOBE SACCO AND VANZETTI WERE EXECUTED IN AUGUST OF 1927
THE FUNERAL DEATH MASKS

ROGER BALDWIN, FOUNDER OF THE ACLU
THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION WAS FORMED IN 1920 TO FIGHT GOVERNMENT DISREGARD OF CONSTITUTIONALLY GUARANTEED RIGHTS ROGER BALDWIN, FOUNDER OF THE ACLU ACLU WAS FORMED DURING THE PALMER RAIDS WHEN THE GOVERNMENT WAS RAIDING SUSPECTED ANARCHISTS, COMMUNISTS, AND ALIENS WITH LITTLE OR NO EVIDENCE TO BACK UP THEIR SUSPICIONS OF SUBVERSIVE EVIDENCE.

KKK REBIRTH-EXTREME FEAR OF FOREIGN INFLUENCES BREEDS HATRED
KKK, DURING THE 20'S IT ENJOYED A REBIRTH, IT WAS DEDICATED TO PERSECUTING MINORITIES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY, HAD OVER 2 MILLION MEMBERS BY 1924, USED TERROR AND MURDER, ELECTED MANY KKK MEMBERS TO LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL OFFICES

50,000 KU KLUX KLAN MEMBERS MARCHING
THE KLAN SHOW ITS POWER AND STRENGTH BY ORGANIZING A MARCH IN WASHINGTON D.C. IN 1925 L L BACKGROUND INFO ON KKK: FORMED AFTER THE CIVIL WAR BY 6 COLLEGE STUDENTS. THEY WOULD DRESS UP AND RIDE THROUGH TOWN AT NIGHT. THEY TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE FEAR IT INSPIRED IN PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY FORMER SLAVES. The policies of Reconstruction -- aiming to extend the rights of Southern blacks -- had the unintended effect of pushing hundreds of resentful and anxious veterans into the Klan, which soon began instituting a systematic policy of violence in opposition to the new social order. Former slaves were the obvious target of this terrorism, but the Klan also harassed, intimidated and even killed Northern teachers, judges, politicians and "carpetbaggers" of all ilk. By late 1867, the movement had spread throughout the small towns of the South, though it did not take hold in urban areas, perhaps because at that time the cities were not suffering the economic hardships of rural regions. Klansmen began waging guerilla warfare against what they perceived as a corrupt system depriving them of rights. This feeling of grievance, which began during the time of the first Klan, would characterize Klan sensibility and ideology throughout the 20th century. SCANDAL ROCKED THE KKK WHEN IT WAS REVEALED THAT LEADERS HAD STOLEN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS FROM THE ORGANIZATION MEMBERSHIP DWINDLED TO 9,000 BY 1930. THE FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTS EVEN OFFENSIVE SPEECH 50,000 KU KLUX KLAN MEMBERS MARCHING BY 1925 THE KLAN HAD 5 MILLION MEMBERS AND CONTROLLED SEVERAL STATE GOVERNMENTS. THE KKK BECOMES A LEADING ANTI-IMMIGRANT GROUP WHILE CONTINUING TO DISCRIMINATE AGAINST BLACKS, FOREIGNERS, JEWS, AND CATHOLICS

PRESIDENTIAL POLICIES
HARDING COOLIDGE HOOVER “Return to Normalcy” Republicans – return to laissez faire economic policy, isolationism, and support of big business

Warren Harding Twenty-ninth president 1921-1923
Born: November 2, 1865 in Corsica, Ohio Died: August 2, 1923 during his presidency while visiting San Francisco, California NORMALCY, HARDING PROGRAM, HE WANTED LAISSEZ-FAIRE, GOV’T COULD HELP ECONOMY BY KEEPING ITS HANDS OFF

Harding’s administration was rocked by scandals
Harding’s administration was rocked by scandals. He said, of the friends he had appointed to high office, "My god, this is a hell of a job! I have no trouble with my enemies but my damned friends... They’re the ones that keep me walking the floor nights." Three major scandals: 1. In the Veterans' Bureau 2. In the Office of the Alien Property Custodian 3. In the Departments of the Interior and Justice. TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT FALL LEASED GOVT OIL RESERVES FOR $100,000'S KICKBACKS TO RICH OILMEN Charles Forbes Forbes served time for fraud and bribery in connection with government contracts. He took millions of dollars from the Veteran's Bureau. Harry Daugherty Daugherty was implicated for accepting bribes. Secretary of the Interior Fall Fall leased government land to the oil companies (Teapot Dome Scandal) and was convicted of accepting a bribe. Teapot Dome The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign. Harry Sinclair He leased government land to the oil companies and was forced to resign due to the investigation. He was acquitted on the bribery charges.

1920s OHIO GANG (POKER CABINET), HARDING FRIENDS THAT HE BROUGHT TO WASHINGTON D.C. WITH HIM AS ADVISORS, MANY WERE CROOKED AND INCOMPETENT TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT FALL LEASED GOV’T OIL RESERVES FOR $100,000'S KICKBACKS TO RICH OILMEN…FALL GOES TO PRISON

MAJOR EVENTS DURING HARDING’S PRESIDENCY
INTOLERANCE OF FOREIGNERS OR THOSE WITH DIFFERING POLITICAL VIEWS RED SCARE, SACCO AND VANZETTI, PALMER RAIDS, KU KLUX KLAN EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT WASHINGTON ARMS CONFERENCE (1922)REDUCE NAVY NINE POWER ACT - OPEN DOOR IN ASIA IS RECOGNIZED AND HELPED EASE IMPERIALIST COMPETITION. FIVE POWER ACT - SHIP BUILDING FROZE FOR TEN YEARS. SOME SHIPS SCRAPPED. RATIOS SET AT 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 BETWEEN U.S., GB, JAPAN, FRANCE, ITALY. PASSAGE OF FORDNEY-MCCUMBER TARIFF (1922) --HIGH PROTECTIVE TARIFFS. EUROPEAN EXPORTS TO U.S. FELL FROM 5 BILLION TO 2.5 BILLION IN 1922. ALLIES DEMAND FOR REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY: DAWES PLAN U.S LOANS MONEY TO GERMANY

PRESIDENT COOLIDGE: 1923-1929 “THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA IS BUSINESS"
"CIVILIZATION AND PROFITS GO HAND IN HAND" Coolidge was the least active president in history, taking daily afternoon naps and proposing no new legislation

COOLIDGE AND BIG BUSINESS DANCING TO THE SAME TUNE

FARMERS IN THE 1920’S DID NOT SHARE IN THE GENERAL PROSPERITY OF THE DECADE
REPUBLICAN POLICIES IN AGRICULTURE DID NOTHING TO HELP FARMERS SHARE IN THE PROSPERITY OF THE 1920S. THE PERIOD FROM 1900 TO 1920 HAD BEEN ONE OF GENERAL FARM PROSPERITY AND RISING FARM PRICES, WITH THE UNPRECEDENTED WARTIME DEMAND FOR U.S. FARM PRODUCTS PROVIDING A STRONG STIMULUS TO PRODUCTION. FARMERS HAD OPENED UP POOR LANDS LONG ALLOWED TO REMAIN IDLE OR NEVER BEFORE CULTIVATED. AS THE VALUE OF U.S. FARMS INCREASED, FARMERS BEGAN TO BUY GOODS AND MACHINERY THAT THEY HAD NEVER BEFORE BEEN ABLE TO AFFORD. BUT BY THE END OF 1920, WITH THE ABRUPT END OF WARTIME DEMAND, THE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE OF STAPLE CROPS SUCH AS WHEAT AND CORN FELL INTO SHARP DECLINE. MANY FACTORS ACCOUNTED FOR THE DEPRESSION IN AMERICAN AGRICULTURE, BUT FOREMOST WAS THE LOSS OF FOREIGN MARKETS. U.S. FARMERS COULD NOT EASILY SELL IN AREAS WHERE THE UNITED STATES WAS NOT BUYING GOODS BECAUSE OF ITS OWN IMPORT TARIFF. THE DOORS OF THE WORLD MARKET WERE SLOWLY SWINGING SHUT. WHEN THE GENERAL DEPRESSION STRUCK IN THE 1930S, IT MERELY SHATTERED AGRICULTURE'S ALREADY FRAGILE STATE. 1920's Agricultural surpluses became the chief agricultural issue 1920 Collapse of agricultural prices Long-term agricultural depression

Farm Problems REPUBLICAN POLICIES IN AGRICULTURE DID NOTHING TO HELP FARMERS SHARE IN THE PROSPERITY OF THE 1920S. THE PERIOD FROM 1900 TO 1920 HAD BEEN ONE OF GENERAL FARM PROSPERITY AND RISING FARM PRICES, WITH THE UNPRECEDENTED WARTIME DEMAND FOR U.S. FARM PRODUCTS WITH THE ABRUPT END OF WARTIME DEMAND, THE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE OF STAPLE CROPS SUCH AS WHEAT AND CORN FELL INTO SHARP DECLINE. MANY FACTORS ACCOUNTED FOR THE DEPRESSION IN AMERICAN AGRICULTURE, BUT FOREMOST WAS THE LOSS OF FOREIGN MARKETS. U.S. FARMERS COULD NOT EASILY SELL IN AREAS WHERE THE UNITED STATES WAS NOT BUYING GOODS BECAUSE OF ITS OWN IMPORT TARIFF.

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 Coolidge continues isolationist policy.
a pact in which 60 countries agree to outlaw war The pact had no provision for enforcement and by 1941 many of the nations that signed the pact would be at war.

PRESIDENT HERBERT HOOVER

HERBERT HOOVER, ONE YEAR BEFORE THE GREAT DEPRESSION BEGAN
"WE IN AMERICA TODAY ARE NEARER TO THE FINAL TRIUMPH OVER POVERTY THAN EVER BEFORE IN THE HISTORY OF ANY LAND.” HERBERT HOOVER, ONE YEAR BEFORE THE GREAT DEPRESSION BEGAN WITHIN SIX MONTHS OF TAKING OFFICE THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION BEGAN. HOOVER WAS PHILOSOPHICALLY UNEQUIPPED TO TAKE THE NEEDED ACTIONS TO RELIEVE THE SUFFERING OF THE UNEMPLOYED AND FARMERS NOR INITIATE LEGISLATION TO REMEDY THE FACTORS THAT CAUSED THE DEPRESSION. DRAWING SHOWING HOOVER’S TWO MAIN INTEREST, ENGINEERING AND GOVERNMENT. SOUND IS HOOVER’S VISION OF AMERICA

1920s Economic Growth The inventions of new consumer goods and home electrical products contributed to 1920s economic prosperity The economy during this time was stimulated by the new and booming electrical industry. This boom also was started with the development an affordable automobile through Henry Ford’s use of the assembly line.

Consumer Culture Wages rise in the 1920s and consumers have more disposable income Credit was more available and people began buying through installment plans Advertising convinced many consumers of the need for products helping drive expanding consumer spending

WITH INSTALLMENT (CREDIT) PRICES
1920’S HOME FURNISHINGS WITH INSTALLMENT (CREDIT) PRICES CREDIT, BEFORE THE 1920'S AMERICANS FELT IT WAS WRONG TO GO INTO DEBT THIS CHANGED AS MILLIONS OF PEOPLE BOUGHT THINGS THEY COULD NOT AFFORD ON CREDIT

ADVERTISING, BECAUSE MANY OF THE NEW PRODUCTS OFFERED FOR SALE WERE NOT NECESSITIES MANUFACTURES HAD TO CONVINCE PEOPLE THEY NEEDED THEM THROUGH ADVERTISING

THE AUTOMOBILE, ELECTRICITY AND HOUSING INDUSTRIES WERE THE MAJOR FACTORS FUELING THE ECONOMIC “BOOM” OF THE 1920s

HENRY FORD, THE MAN WHO REVOLUTIONIZED MANUFACTURING BY MECHANIZING THE ASSEMBLY LINE MODE OF PRODUCTION IN 1925 FORD WAS PRODUCING NEW MODEL T’S AT THE RATE OF ONE EVERY TEN SECONDS.

ASSEMBLY LINE PRODUCTION
IN AN ASSEMBLY LINE EACH PERSON HAS A SPECIFIC TASK WHICH THEY REPEATEDLY PERFORM ALL DAY. THIS ALLOWS FOR SPECIALIZATION OF ONE SKILL AND ALLOWED HENRY FORD TO MASS PRODUCE AUTOMOBILES.

Henry Ford Founded the Ford Motor Company. In 1908 he started production of the Model-T. In 1913 Ford began using standardized interchangeable parts and assembly-lines in his plants.

Frederick Taylor In 1911, Taylor published The Principles of Scientific Management in which he described how scientific method to management of workers could greatly improve productivity.

NEW TECHNOLOGIES RESHAPE AMERICA
RADIO MOVIES

GE, Westinghouse,& RCA form NBC
Radio KDKA Pittsburgh GE, Westinghouse,& RCA form NBC Silent Movies Charlie Chaplin “Talkies” The Jazz Singer Starring Al Jolson Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart”

RADIOS AND MOVIES: THE GROWTH OF A WORLDWIDE CULTURE
THE 1920s SAW THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN LIFE FROM A RURAL-DOMINATED TO AN URBAN-DOMINATED CULTURE WITH MASS ENTERTAINMENT AND MASS MARKETING WITH UNPRECEDENTED MOBILITY AND COMMUNICATION.

In 2002 dollars the Lyric Radios cost $950.90 to $4369.00.
ADS FOR RADIOS IN THE 1920s IN 2002 DOLLARS THE LYRIC RADIOS COST $ TO $ In 2002 dollars the Lyric Radios cost $ to $

MOTION PICTURES MOTION PICTURES BEGAN IN THE EARLY 1900’S
BY 1925 MOVIES WERE THE FOURTH LARGEST BUSINESS IN THE U.S. THE EARLY FILMS WERE SILENT AND BLACK AND WHITE THE FIRST PICTURE WITH SOUND THE JAZZ SINGER WAS INTRODUCED IN 1927 WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF “TALKIES” MOVIE ATTENDANCE WENT FROM 40 MILLION IN 1922 TO OVER 85 MILLION IN 1929 THERE WERE OVER 30,000 MOVIE THEATERS AND MOST PEOPLE WENT TO THE MOVIES AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK NEWSREELS WERE SHOWN THAT ALLOWED PEOPLE FOR THE FIRST TIME TO SEE FILMED NEWS COVERAGE FROM AROUND THE WORLD HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA BECAME THE CENTER OF THE FILM INDUSTRY AND MOVIE STARS SET THE TONE FOR FASHION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

THE JAZZ SINGER WAS THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL TALKING PICTURE

MOVIE “PALACES” WERE BUILT TO ENHANCE THE MOVIE GOING EXPERIENCE
EACH WEEK UP MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WENT TO THE MOVIES

MOVIE STARS CLARA BOW MARY PICKFORD
MOVIES, MOVIE STARS WERE POPULAR IDOLS MOST AMERICANS WENT ONCE OR MORE A WEEK (CLARA BOW, MARY PICKFORD, VALENTINO, CHARLIE CHAPLIN CHARLIE CHAPLIN RUDOLPH VALENTINO

Prohibition Volstead Act untouchables Gangsters 18th Amendment
Al Capone

CARRY NATION, A LEADING ACTIVIST OF THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
SHE, ALONG WITH OTHER WOMEN, WOULD INVADE SALOONS AND SMASH THEM WITH HER AXE. SHE HELPED TO GARNER PUBLIC SUPPORT TO OUTLAW BOOZE.

BILLY SUNDAY WAS A BASEBALL PLAYER WHO BECAME AN EVANGELIST CRUSADING FOR THE PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL IN AMERICA

Prohibition Congress submitted the 18th amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic liquors Volstead Act of 1919 established the Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department, but it lacked financial stability and was ineffective closet manufacturing of alcoholic beverages and a rise in criminal activities within the cities due to illegal importation of alcohol led to its repeal with the 21st amendment in 1933.

CONGRESSMAN ANDREW VOLSTEAD
THE 18TH AMENDMENT WAS ENFORCED BY THE VOLSTEAD ACT, WHICH PASSED DESPITE PRESIDENT WILSON’S VETO IN 1919 VOLSTEAD ACT, LAWS THAT PROVIDED FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF PROHIBITION, BUT IT WAS NEVER PROPERLY ENFORCED DUE TO LACK OF MONEY CONGRESSMAN ANDREW VOLSTEAD

A MAJOR EFFECT OF PROHIBITION WAS THE RISE OF CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS FORMED TO SATISFY THE DEMANDS OF AMERICANS WHO DECIDED THEY WANTED LIQUOR IN SPITE OF THE 18TH AMENDMENT AND VOLSTEAD ACT. SAINT VALENTINES DAY MASSACRE. EVEN NORMAL CITIZENS BEGAN BREAKING THE LAW TO SECURE ALCOHOL

Al Capone Capone was a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits his illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties.

Cultural Changes New woman: During the 1920s changes in postwar behavior had a liberating effect on women. Women of the twenties were noticed more for their sex appeal and presented as thus in the advertising industry. The burden of domestic chores were alleviated with new technology, while women themselves turned to a more liberated attitude. Flappers: the flapper was the stereotype of a woman in the 1920s. Independent and representing the rebellious youth of the age, the flapper was usually characterized by her "bobbed" hair, dangling cigarette, heavy make-up, and her ever shortening skirt length.

FLAPPERS FLAPPERS FROM THE 1920’S. THEY WERE SYMBOL OF THE ROARING TWENTIES. FLAPPERS WERE YOUNG WOMEN WHO DEFIED SOCIAL CONVENTIONS BY CUTTING THEIR HAIR, ADOPTING A COMFORTABLE, CORSET-FREE CLOTHES, DRINKING AND SMOKING IN PUBLIC, AND EMBRACING DANCE CRAZES AND A NEW SPIRIT OF SEXUAL OPENNESS. YOUNG WOMEN WERE BOBBING THEIR HAIR, ROLLING DOWN THEIR STOCKINGS, RAISING THEIR HEMLINES AND WEARING MAKEUP.

WOMEN BEING ARRESTED IN 1922 FOR WEARING REVEALING BATHING SUITS

HARLEM RENAISSANCE AND OTHER
WRITERS AND ARTISTS FLOWERING OF AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE WRITERS, ARTISTS, MUSICIANS, ENTERTAINERS OTHER PROLIFIC WRITERS OF THE 1920s

Harlem Renaissance: 1919 to 1935, Harlem New York City
After WWI many Blacks fled the south for better economic opportunities and freedom from KKK violence. Harlem, New York was a popular destination and New York city’s Black population swelled from 30,000 in 1900 to over 300,000 in 1930.

Black artists, writers, dancers, poets, historians, and many others turned Harlem into a center of culture, creativity, and exploration of African American roots.

Zora Neale Hurston Langston Hughes
LANGSTON HUGHES WROTE SIXTEEN BOOKS OF POEMS, TWO NOVELS, THREE COLLECTIONS OF SHORT STORIES, FOUR VOLUMES OF "EDITORIAL" AND "DOCUMENTARY" FICTION, TWENTY PLAYS, CHILDREN'S POETRY, MUSICALS AND OPERAS, THREE AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, A DOZEN RADIO AND TELEVISION SCRIPTS AND DOZENS OF MAGAZINE ARTICLES. ZORA NEALE HURSTON WAS AN AUTHOR WHO WROTE STORIES, NOVELS, ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOLKLORE AND AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY.

Langston Hughes Hughes was an American writer known for the use of jazz and black folk rhythms in his poetry. In the 1920s he was the most prominent figure during the Harlem Renaissance.

COUNTEE CULLEN, POET OF THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE
AUGUSTA SAVAGE, SCULPTOR

JAZZ WAS SO POPULAR THAT THE 20s IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE JAZZ AGE
DUKE ELLINGTON BIG BAND LOUIS ARMSTRONG

Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association
Garvey was a black nationalist leader who created the "Back to Africa" movement in the U.S. Founded the Black Star Line shipping company to provide passage to Africa, but went bankrupt

MARCUS GARVEY BLACK NATIONALISTS, BLACKS WHO ARGUED THAT BLACKS NEEDED A NATION OF THEIR OWN, PREFERABLY IN AFRICA. MARCUS GARVEY, SAW HIMSELF AS A BLACK MOSES LEADING HIS PEOPLE OUT OF BONDAGE TO AN AFRICAN PROMISED LAND, STARTED A LARGE ORGANIZATION OF 4 MILLION BUT HIS MOVEMENT COLLAPSED AND HE ENDED UP IN JAIL FOR MAIL FRAUD.

ONE OF MARCUS GARVEY’S PLANS WAS TO HAVE BLACK-RUN BUSINESSES THAT WOULD BENEFIT THE BLACK COMMUNITY. HE RECOGNIZED THAT POWERFUL NATIONS HAD COMMERCE AND WANTED TO CREATE A POWERFUL BLACK NATION. HIS ORGANIZATION, THE UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, PURCHASED THE BLACK STAR LINE, WHICH OWNED 3 SHIPS. IT WENT BANKRUPT FOR VARIOUS REASONS SOME OF WHICH ARE: IT WAS TOO EXPENSIVE TO RUN THE SHIPS, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SABOTAGE, AND UNQUALIFIED PEOPLE IN CERTAIN POSITIONS WITHIN THE COMPANY.

Lost Generation refers to a group of American writers who lived primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. Bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with different aspects of American society, these writers were seen to be ex-patriots. The writers include: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and William Carlos Williams. They never formed a formal literary movement, but individually they were all influential writers.

OTHER PROLIFIC WRITERS OF THE JAZZ AGE
F. SCOTT FITZGERALD & ZELDA, “KING AND QUEEN OF THE JAZZ AGE” ERNEST HEMINGWAY F. SCOTT FITZGERALD AND ERNEST HEMINGWAY, GERTRUDE STEIN, AMERICAN WRITERS GERTRUDE STEIN (ON THE RIGHT)

HEADLINES OF THE 1920s SCOPES TRIAL CHARLES LINDBERGH SPORTS

High School Biology teacher
Scopes “Monkey” Trial Evolution vs. Creationism Science vs. Religion Famous Lawyers Dayton, Tennessee John Scopes High School Biology teacher

SCOPES TRIAL THE ACLU RAN AN AD IN THE LOCAL DAYTON, TENNESSEE PAPER LOOKING FOR A TEACHER WHO WOULD HELP TO CHALLENGE THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE NEW LAW FORBIDDING THE TEACHING OF EVOLUTION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. JOHN SCOPES, THE TEACHER FUNDAMENTALIST FORMER PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN WAS ON THE TEAM THAT ARGUED THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF THE TENNESSEE ANTI-EVOLUTION TEACHING LAW. FAMOUS TRIAL LAWYER, 70 YEAR OLD CLARENCE DARROW LED THE DEFENSE. THE TRIAL TURNED INTO A STRUGGLE OVER WHO WOULD DOMINATE 20TH CENTURY AMERICA. TRADITIONALISTS WHO THOUGHT OLD TIME VALUES WERE IN DANGER OR MODERNISTS WHO BELIEVED NEW IDEAS MUST PREDOMINATE. WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN, THE PROSECUTOR CLARENCE DARROW, THE DEFENSE LAWYER

The July 1925 trial quickly turned into a media circus with banners decorating the streets. Food and drink stands were set up. Rumors were that chimpanzees had been brought to town to testify for the prosecution. The press descended on Dayton with editorial cartoonists and had a field day ridiculing the trial. THE TRIAL WAS BASICALLY SET UP BY SEVERAL RESIDENTS OF DAYTON, TENNESSEE WHO WISHED TO GET PUBLICITY FOR THEIR TOWN IN ORDER TO ENCOURAGE ECONOMIC GROWTH.

The trial ended with a confrontation between Bryan on the witness stand and Darrow questioning him about creation theory. Bryan was unable to convincingly defend his position, although because the judge did not allow any discussion about the validity of evolutionary theory Scopes was found guilty and fined $ Later the conviction was thrown out in the appeal. However the law was not repealed until 1967.

Celebrities Babe Ruth &Ty Cobb Charles Lindbergh
The Spirit of St. Louis Jack Dempsey

PROFESSIONAL AND COLLEGE SPORTS BECAME VERY POPULAR IN THE 1920s
BASEBALL, FOOTBALL, BOXING, TENNIS AND GOLF AND OTHER SPECTATOR SPORTS GAINED HUGE FOLLOWINGS IN THE 1920s THE POPULARITY OF SPORTS CUT ACROSS ALL ETHNIC AND CLASS BOUNDARIES, CREATING A COMMON GROUND AMONG ALL AMERICANS. BABE RUTH AND 1927 YANKEES

Babe Ruth Most popular player in the 1920s
First major player to surpass 50 home runs in one season and later 60. Attendance numbers swell during the Ruth years.

Yankee Stadium “The House That Ruth Built”

Sportswriters immortalize stars

Red Grange

Bill Tilden

Gertrude Ederle First female to swim the English Channel

LINDBERGH FLIES ACROSS THE ATLANTIC SOLO
LINDBERGH FLEW TO PARIS IN 33 1/2 HOURS, 1,000 MILES OF THE FLIGHT WAS THROUGH SNOW AND SLEET, MAY 21, 1927

Charles Lindbergh Lindbergh was an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. On May 20, 1927, he was the first person to make a nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic. Flying in his single engine plane, Spirit of St. Louis, he flew from New York City to Paris in 33 hours.

KDKA, Pittsburgh, PA. THE FIRST COMMERCIAL RADIO STATION IN THE U.S.
KDKA BEGAN SCHEDULED PROGRAMMING WITH THE HARDING-COX PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RETURNS ON NOVEMBER 2, 1920 KDKA, FIRST RADIO STATION THAT WENT ON THE AIR IN 1920 IN PITTSBURGH. IN DECEMBER, 1921, THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ISSUED REGULATIONS FORMALLY ESTABLISHING A BROADCAST SERVICE. THIS RESTORED ORDER TO A CHAOTIC COLLECTION OF STATIONS BROADCASTING ON SIMILAR WAVE LENGTH. BEGINNING IN 1922 A "BROADCASTING BOOM" OCCURRED, AND SOON THERE WERE OVER 500 STATIONS. LARGE CORPORATIONS SUCH AS CBS AND NBC SOON CAME TO DOMINATE RADIO COMMERCIALS FOR NATIONAL BRAND PRODUCTS ON RADIO LED TO A GENERAL STANDARDIZATION OF AMERICAN CONSUMPTION RADIO SPREAD A COMMON CULTURE THROUGHOUT ALL PARTS OF THE US, BOTH URBAN AND RURAL RADIOS BECAME THE KEY NEW TOOL OF MASS COMMUNICATION, AND IT PLAYED A CRUCIAL IN SHAPING AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY AS POLITICIANS AND ENTERTAINERS REACHED MILLIONS OF AMERICANS IN THE COMFORT OF THEIR LIVING ROOM. FIRST COMMERCIAL RADIO BROADCAST

“The Roaring Twenties”

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“The Roaring Twenties”

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